Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Introduction (1 h, about 20
slides)
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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1. Why solar air conditioning?
a. Existing energy demand for cooling
b. Perspectives and targets/obligations at national and international level
c. Peak load issues and energy prices
d. World and national market for conventional cooling systems (from luxury to
necessity)
2. A short review of existing solar cooling applications
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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1. Why solar air conditioning?
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Solar Cooling
Using solar radiation to drive a cooling process
Displacing the use of fossil fuel derived electricity that would otherwise be used in a conventional vapour compression air conditioner
Solar thermal heat driving a thermal cooling process
Solar photovoltaic panels driving a conventional vapour compression cooling process
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Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
A New Technology?
5
World Exhibition 1878 in Paris - A. Mouchot produced
the First Ice Block with Solar Energy Source: Olynthus Verlag
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
1. Why use solar energy for air conditioning: the “solar thermal” point of view
Cooling loads and solar gains are simultaneous: on a seasonal basis - the need for cooling is greater when there is more sun!
Solar thermal plants: best use of facilities, use of solar energy throughout the year. Faster amortization with the ability to cover larger part of the demand.
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Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Solar cooling – Solar resource vs. Cooling demand
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Global radiation
Cooling demand
Heat demand
Excess solar heat in summer
Resource and demand are in phase
Source: SolarNext
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
2. Why use solar energy for air conditioning: the policy point of view
1. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions - The building sector accounts for 42% of global electricity consumption (IEA 2007)
2. Lower energy costs
3. Benefit the electricity system (reduced demand charges)
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Large Hotel
2%
14%
1%
29%54% Air Conditioning
Lighting
Laundry
Other
Hot w ater
Large Office Buidling
13%
37%
49%1%
Air Conditioning
Lighting
Office equipment
Other
Medium Size Hospital
18%8%
15%
39%20% Air Conditioning
Lighting
Laundry
Other
Hot w ater
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Source: TEPCO 9
The last blackouts due to overloading of the electrical network:
14.08.2003: Northeast U.S. / Canada
12.07.2004: Athens
Examples from Japan
The problem of peak demand
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Prospective in the EU
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double-digit growth!
Air
co
nd
itio
ned
are
a (1
00
0*m
²)
Source: EECCAC report 2003
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Prospective in the EU
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Source: Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA).
http://www.achrnews.com/articles/127385-global-ac-market-starting-to-warm-up
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
The global market. Annual installed capacity for RAC
12 Source: JARN
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
# o
f in
stal
lati
on
s
documented estimated
Small, but steadily
growing market
Market development of solar cooling
Source: Solem Consulting / TECSOL
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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IEA Technology Roadmap – Market potential by 2050
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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IEA Technology Roadmap – Share of solar cooling by 2050
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
The estimations on grid stress
Physical effects on grid frequency and voltage in local supply node: not investigated
Approach similar as in the Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) programme:
Grid interaction index fgrid (annual value)* :
standard deviation of grid exchange fluctuations (normalised to average of grid load)**
The less fgrid, the smaller the ‘stress’ on the grid
Source: Fraunhofer ISE 16 16
Calculation base
Fraunhofer ISE
i: time step
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
3. Why use solar energy for air conditioning: the end user’s point of view
1. Steadily increasing electricity price
2. Achieve higher building star rating Access to green tenants
Eligibility for tax incentives
Point of sale disclosure
3. Compliance with minimum renewable energy targets (planning permission/ satisfy aspirational targets)
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Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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2. A short review of existing solar cooling applications
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Solar Thermal Cooling Technologies
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Adsorption: open or closed Single or double effect absorption
50-80°C
60-100°C 150-200°C
Stirling 1-50 kW, 50-75°C
Cogeneration Motor heat 70-95°C
Micro gas turbine 270-680°C from 20 kW
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
General solar cooling scheme
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hot
water
storage
tank
collector
field
heat
exchanger
absorption
chiller
cold
water
storage
tank
cooling
tower
compression
chiller
M
M
M
fan-coils
heating
system
M
Solar Chiller(s) Chilled water
Cooling water
Hot water
Source: Solem Consulting
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Air conditioning for Air conditioning of university cosmetics industry clinic in Freiburg (Germany) (Greece)
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Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Cooling of cellar, Air conditioning of seminar Banylus (France) rooms, Freiburg (Germany)
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Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Air conditioning office building – Pristina (Kosovo)
23 Source: SOLID
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Air conditioning in a hotel in Dalaman (Turkey)
24 Source: Solitem
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
Solar cooling and heating system in Germany
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System Components:
15 kW EAW absorption cooling machine
37 m² CS-100F flat plate collectors
34 m² TH SLU1500/16 solar vacuum tube collectors
2 m³ Two 1 m³ hot water storage tanks
1 m³ Cold water storage tank
35 kW EWK open wet cooling tower
Source: SolarNext
Quality Assurance & Support Measures for Solar Cooling Systems
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Cost development of solar cooling Kits
Source: Solem Consulting / Green Chiller
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
sp
ecif
ic c
osts
of
so
lar
co
olin
g k
its
[E
UR
/kW
co
ld]
year
small capacity up to 10 kW medium capacity up to 50 kW large capacity above 50 kW
- 50%