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INTRODUCTION

Energy is the prime factor of economic growth and development with

increasing industrial and agricultural activities (Ahluwalia, 2012). It is the vital

input for economic and social development (Tiwari and Ghosal, 2005). It plays

a significant role in the material, social and cultural life of mankind satisfying a

variety of our needs and has become an essential ingredient of our everyday

life and helps in sustaining the civilization. Every sector of Indian economy-

agriculture, industry, transport, commercial, and domestic needs input of

energy (Cheong and Yee, 2004). Thus, energy is a vital element for ensuring

quality of life. Growth in energy sector is one of the yardsticks of prosperity of

any country’s economic and national development. It has been universally

recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth and

human development (Bhat and Sharada, 2012).

India like other developing countries consumes energy in a variety of

forms, ranging from electricity obtained from nuclear fuels to agricultural

waste and animal dung. There is an increase in the demand for energy as a

result of the hike in the prices of petroleum, fast depletion of fossil fuels,

large-scale deforestation resulting in shortage of fuel wood (Khan and

Rahaman, 2012). The energy consumption is bound to increase over

the years with the development of the country. The consumption of electricity

in India has been growing at the rate of 10 per cent per annum compounded

over the last 30 years (Agarwal, 2005). This growing consumption of energy

has also resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil

fuels such as coal, oil, and gas.

Thus 21st century has been witnessing serious threat to progress of

human civilization due to dearth of energy. As on time, more than 90 percent

of global energy requirements are fulfilled by burning of fossil fuels like crude

oil, coal and natural gases with the consequent release of harmful pollutants

that impose serious warning to the environmental security for future

generation (Chopra, 2004). Furthermore, over the past 30 years, the energy

consumption rate has grown much faster, that the replenishment of its

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reserves and as a result “Global Energy Crisis” has been raised to an

alarming level (Bandyopadhyay, 2011).

An increase in unstable use and excessive consumption of energy

however has caused not only local pollution but also global environment

problems such as global warming (Gharpure, 2012). In order to meet its

energy needs, the country is making enormous efforts to harness energy from

various natural resources. Technological innovation and industrialization has

led to the over exploitation of natural resources beyond limits to satisfy

the insatiable greed by humans worldwide (Amrit et.al, 2009). Therefore the

thrust of development should be to promote energy conservation with long-

term strategies aiming at a sustainable energy supply and demand systems

consistent with the objective of overall economic growth and improvements in

the quality of life. To realize sustainable development, stable energy supply is

vital as well as improvement in energy related environmental problems.

Therefore, the challenge is to increase energy generation, energy efficiency

and environment restoration (Pachuari, 2005).

Our government is facing the tremendous challenges to reduce

dependency on fossil fuels, improve energy efficiency and promote energy

conservation through education and public awareness campaigns.

It furthermore requires industrialized community organizations, government

and business sectors to educate themselves on energy issues and make a

commitment to work together to achieve more efficient and

environment-friendly energy use (Agarwal, 2005).

Maheswari (2005) brings forth a different concept in that even though

energy is critical factor in promoting development, the current use patterns

which are focused on commercial energy have led to inequities within and

between rural and urban areas in developing and industrialised countries.

Energy has been a major contributor to environmental degradation: local air

pollution (indoor from cooking stoves and regional from coal power stations),

land submergence (for hydroelectricity), global warming (fossil fuel

emissions), deforestation or forest degradation (for charcoal and fuelwood),

acid rain (fossil fuel emissions), and so on (Balamurugan, 2002; Selvaraj and

Maheswari, 2008).

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It is almost 35 years since the world “energy crisis” has continued to

dominate the world. The present energy crisis has adversely affected the

socio-economic development in the third world. It affects the developing

countries seriously because they need energy not to keep themselves in any

luxury, but to give their people the basic minimum (Chaturvedi, 2005).

The energy crisis forces the individuals, organizations and governments to go

in for better utilization of new and renewable sources of energy to meet the

energy problems (Permar, 2002). India is the first country to set up a separate

Ministry to boost up the Renewable and new energies to combat this problem

which is clouding the prospects of the mankind (Singh, 2008).

The increasing demand on the use of fossil fuels pose stronger threat

to clean environment as burning of fossil fuels is associated with emissions

like Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Sulfur oxide, Nitrous oxide.

These emissions are major sources causing air pollution and hence pollute

the environment. The harmful exhaust emission from the fossil fuels, the rapid

increase in the prices of petroleum products and uncertainities of their supply

has jointly created a renewed interest among the researchers to search for

suitable alternative fuels (Khadilkar, 2011). There has been a search for

alternative sources of energy which are more equitable distributed between

and within countries than fossil fuels. Majumdar (2006) rightly points out that

available sources such as low carbon fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear

energy should be subject of increased level of research, development,

demonstration and deployment.

Hence, the attention of scientists, technologists, administrators and

planners all over the world should focus on the development of

unconventional, non- polluting, economical and easily available, decentralized

energy sources (Garg and Prakash, 2000). With the fluctuating high cost of

petroleum, minimizing dependence on importing conventional energy

resources, stewardship to protect the planet and providing affordable energy

to all countries including India have stepped up their energy path for

harnessing indigenous renewable resources (Sukhatme, 2003). India is

generally bestowed with non-conventional energy sources in the form of

solar energy, wind energy, biomass, urban and industrial wastes.

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These environmental friendly energy sources have low or compatible capital

cost (Vandana, 2002).

Therefore, our scientific efforts should concentrate on development of

methods and techniques for conservation of energy bearing materials, their

utilization and exploring alternatives. Thus, it is essential to take up the energy

crisis through judicious utilization of abundant renewable energy resources

(Plate I). Alternative use of energy has gained greater importance, of which

organic wastes play a vital role as it is most abundantly available in our

country.

India is on the brink of a massive waste disposal crisis and is likely to

face a massive crisis situation in the coming years. Till recently, the problem

of waste has been seen as one of cleaning and disposing rubbish, but a

closer look at the current and future scenario reveals that waste needs to be

treated holistically, recognizing it as a natural resource with impact on health

(Govindaraja and Sacratees, 2012). It is ironical that when there is great need

for conserving energy and exploring the possibilities of newer sources a large

quantum of energy is allowed to go unutilized in the form of waste as a result

of human activities of production and consumption (Sinha, 2002).

Waste is a result of human activities from the dawn of civilization which

have become more prominent during and after the industrial revolution and

today accumulation of wastes has become consequence of life in a

developing society. Since, the accumulation of waste material is directly

proportional to the growth of cities; it is high time that severe thought should

be given to the proper management of disposing waste to minimize the

hazardous situation to the maximum extent.

Accumulation of solid wastes in man’s environment constitutes a

positive health hazard since

• organic portion of solid wastes ferments and favours fly breeding

• garbage in the refuse attracts rats

• pathogens may be conveyed to man through flies and dust (Baby and

Govindarajalu, 2012).

• there is possibility of water pollution, if rain water passes through

deposits of fermenting refuse

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• there is a risk of air pollution if there is accidental of spontaneous

combustion of refuse and

• piles of refuse are a nuisance from an aesthetic point of view.

Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future.

With increased migration to urban areas and as incomes increase,

consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation. It is

estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per

capita rate of approximately 1 to 1.33 percent annually. This has significant

impact on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal,

economic costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental

consequences of increased waste generation levels. All these in turn lead to

an increase in the pollution levels (Maheswari, 2005; Ganesamurthy and

Paari, 2006).

Organic wastes which are produced in large quantities all over

the world create major environmental and disposal problems (Baby and

Govindarajalu, 2012). These materials cause major unpleasant odour

problems and need a large land area for disposal and are often a source of

contamination of ground water (Kannaiyan and Lilli, 1999; Edwards and

Bater, 2002).

Keeping in view technological, ecological and economic aspects from

time immemorial human beings have utilized the resource of the earth to

support themselves. In early times the needs were less and resources are

plenty as the population was much less and consequently waste disposal was

not significant problem. The traditional methods of waste disposal are

becoming more and more inadequate and unhealthy in peri-urban villages

and rural towns because of following reasons (Lisa, 2003).

• Increased population and congestion in villages

• Increased consumption of water leading to increased waste water

efflux

• Decreased land availability because of surrounding urbanization in

many rural areas

• Increased awareness among people to use improved means of

sanitation and fuel etc.

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Hence the evolution of an environmentally feasible solid waste disposal

method is an urgent task. Though the developed countries have now turned

up to reuse, recycle and recover, which will reduce the waste volume to a

great extent, the developing countries like India, still depend on the landfill as

the solid waste disposal method. They have to go a long way to get transition

from environmental solid waste disposal methods to new technologies of solid

waste handling.

The enormous increase in the quantum and diversity of waste

materials generated by human activity has led to an increasing awareness

world-wide, about an urgent need to adopt efficient, scientific and safe

methods for the treatment, processing and disposal of wastes. While there is

an apparent need to minimize the generation of wastes and to reuse and

recycle them, the technologies for recovery of energy from wastes also hold

immense promise. These technologies not only reduce the quantity but also

improve the quality of waste to meet the required pollution control standards,

besides generating a substantial quantity of energy (Singh, 2001).

The country’s growing energy needs, increasing environmental

concerns resulting in pressure for additional facilities and new technologies,

generation of huge volumes of solid waste, space crunch for landfills,

reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (avoids a nominal one tonne of Co2

equivalent for each tonne of waste processed) and the eligibility of Waste to

Energy plants for Carbon emission reduction credits are the key drivers for the

Waste to Energy segment(Shyamala, 2011).

A sustained effort is to restore the socio-ecological balance of nature in

order to optimally harness the available resources. It is therefore imperative to

design the waste management systems. The waste management involve

activities associated with generation, storage, collection, transport and

disposal of solid waste adopting principles of economy, aesthetics and

environmental suitability and conservation (Rao, 2002).

The economic situation in the country calls for a scientific and

systematic effort for identifying and quantifying wastes of every kind.

Even materials which have tremendous economic potential are treated as

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waste material which ultimately creates a problem of disposal and as polluting

agents. The wastage either in liquid or solid form should be considered as

resources to be put back into the ecological cycle.

The effective management of solid waste has become a monumental

challenge for country with a population density which is among the highest in

the world and also for a country which is also experiencing the problems of

rapid urbanization (Sharmila and Sundari, 2003). Mani (2006) brings forth

the fact that proper waste management helps to protect human health and

the environment and preserve natural resources. The planners continue to

tackle the problem within the existing frame work but only succeed in shifting

the solid wastes from densely populated to sparsely populated areas.

Solid, liquid and gaseous waste produced from domestic, industry and

agriculture have increased in their quantity and have altered in their quality so

as to make “Waste Management” the current vital topic of national

significance (Lakshmanan, 2009).

The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes can be significantly

mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly Waste-to-Energy

technologies that will allow for treatment and processing of wastes before

being disposed. These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes,

generate a substantial quantity of energy from them and greatly reduce

environmental pollution (Rao, 2006). India’s growing energy deficit is making

the Central and State government look out for alternative and renewable

energy sources. Waste to Energy is one of these and it is garnering

increasing attention from both the Central and State governments.

Waste-to-Energy plants offer two important benefits of environmentally

sound waste management and disposal, as well as generation of clean

energy. It also produces clean, renewable energy through thermo chemical,

biochemical and physiochemical methods. Moreover, these WtE plants are

highly efficient in treating a variety of wastes (Plate II). The limited capability

of nature to process the waste on its own poses ecological constraints against

which the technological and spatial features of manmade processes in various

spheres of activity must be designed (Chandramouli, 2011).

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Waste recovery can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting

raw materials and often cuts transportation cost (Reich, 2005). The location of

waste treatment and disposal facilities often has an impact on property values

due to noise, dust, pollution and negative stigma.

Waste management may be thus associated with the control of

generation, storage, collection, transfer, transport the processing the disposal

wastes in a manner what is in accord with the best principles of public health

economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental

considerations. By ploughing waste from one source into another the

economic system of country could be beneficial (Rathi, 2007). Thus, waste

management proved to be a significant environmental justice issue. Many of

the environmental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized

groups, such as racial minorities, women and residents of developing nations.

However, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal

facilities is increasing worldwide (Ray, 2008).

Incineration as a method for waste management results in heat

generation which can be utilized for various purposes along with significant

size reduction (weight and volume of solid waste) that eases the problem of

waste dumping but this technology is believed to be unsuitable for Indian

municipal solid waste because the combustion will not be self-sustainable due

to high moisture content of wastes. Gasification is unattractive because the

design is fuel and size specific and looses versatility. The sophisticated

cooling, handling of cleaning system and regular operation and maintenance

make it a costly affair.

Ordinary landfilling (unscientific Landfilling) leads to air and water

pollution, which may cause serious health problems and also needs large

area every year, associated with large transportation cost and extremely slow

decomposition rates make it an unfavorable method of disposal. Composting

does not produce energy and there are health risks in using the manure from

compost because of the possibility of toxic heavy metals in solid waste

(Bhandari, 2006).

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Recycling helps to preserve our natural resources, especially the

non-renewable natural resources. By recycling, valuable landfill space could

be saved. This land can then be used for agriculture or wilderness area.

Recycling saves energy and reduces air and water pollution and also reduces

the stream of garbage, litter and trash and finally it will help us to develop an

environmental ethic. Waste recycling is the process of transferring waste into

new products in such a manner that the original matter may lose its identity

and in turn become a useful product. It should be realized that waste is a

treasure which could be recycled to form “wealth”. Waste recycling revolution

is of paramount importance to achieve the national objective of improving the

quality of life by augmenting the resource and safeguarding the environment

(Mitchell and Overend, 2005).

Keeping in mind the resource crunch and expected coverage of

maximum possible percentage of population in urban, semi urban and rural

population, it is necessary to adopt methodologies appropriate to the situation

based on following important parameters:

• The suggested technologies may be such that resource recovery is

made possible by energy recovery, recycling and reuse.

• The processes need to be decentralized and ‘on site’ as far as possible

so as to minimize waste carriage.

Expensive technologies are being pushed to deal with our waste

problem, ignoring their environmental and social implications. The improved

technologies are now available for collection, treatment and processing

the waste, which enables to improve the quality of the garbage to meet

the pollution standards with the additional advantage of power generation

(Kumar, 2002).

Thus, our new approach should be energy oriented with emphasis on

the use of appropriate technology with significant improvement in input and

output efficiency and also in terms of social costs. The concept of appropriate

technology does not mean primitive or low technology but it only emphasizes

that it should be labour intensive and economically viable and is based on

optimum utilization of local resources (Seshan,2010).

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Among the various technologies available for conversion of municipal

solid waste, bio-methanation appears to be the most desirable as it results in

the production of methane rich gas (biogas), an alternative of conventional

fuel and digested sludge, which can be used as an organic fertilizer (Plate II).

With this backdrop the Government of India had initiated several

‘cleaner technologies’ programme and one among them is Biogas technology

which is considered as the most viable and appropriate technology for India

(Mapuskar, 2007). The fermentation process of the conversion of organic

matter to a mixture of methane and carbon-dioxide gases, commonly known

as ‘biogas’ was traditionally applied for the treatment of waste. In recent times

both developed and developing countries have been evincing interest in

bio-methanation from the view points of pollution control, energy generation,

enriched manure production and health improvement. Besides various social

benefits such as reduction in the drudgery of rural women, better sanitation,

improved environment, ecological restoration etc., accrued due to

the installation of biogas production units have received significant importance

(Nath, 2003).

Biogas technology enables one to produce bio-energy in

the households by treating the wastes generated within the houses.

This technology is also applicable for treating the wastes produced from

public places like markets, slaughter houses, hotels, canteens for generating

energy without any pollution to the atmosphere. Bio-methanisation is a

universally accepted and proven technology for bio energy generation from

bio-wastes. It is very simple and user friendly. Through the adoption of

bio-methanisation technology all degradable wastes can be treated with the

help of different types of anaerobic bacteria / microbes in a concealed

chamber/digester. Treated biomaterials, from the digester in the form of liquid

and solid products can be used as a very good organic fertilizer (Singh, 2011).

The Suitability of Biogas Technology in this context are listed below

• Anaerobic digestion is carried out in enclosed chambers wherein

the waste are not exposed.

• Waste do not require to be dried for recovery of fuel value

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• Optimum digestion temperature is 370C and the reaction rate drops

with reduction in temperature. So it is well suited for Indian Climate.

• Wide range of combinations such as human waste and animal waste,

human waste and vegetable refuses etc., is possible.

• Relevant technology and skills are indigenously developed and

available at low cost.

• Residue after digestion can be used as soil fertilizer and conditioner.

• No other practical method of treating human excretion is available.

• The biogas technology takes 14 days to decompose waste and to

produce gas. By this time pathogenic organisms are effectively killed

and hence it is not a health hazard.

Realising the significance, the Indian government has recognized

Waste to Energy as a renewable technology and supports it through various

subsidies and incentives. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

(MNRE) is actively promoting all the technology options available for energy

recovery from urban and industrial wastes. MNRE is also promoting research

on Waste to Energy by providing financial support for Research and

Development projects on cost sharing basis in accordance with its Research

and Development Policy in addition to resource assessment, technology

up-gradation and performance evaluation.

The rapid rise in population, the awareness to improve the standard of

living has resulted increasingly the energy needs constantly (Figure 1).

To cope with the increasing needs of the population, a number of

infrastructural facilities such as educational institutions, restaurants,

industries, hospitals are established. The mushroom growth of educational

institutions (Table 1) and industries at the outskirts of the city with attached

hostels and canteens consumes enormous quantity of fossil fuels for catering

to the needs of the inmates. Institutions find it to difficult to dispose the night

soil by constructing septic tank and in getting the man power to clean it.

The enormous waste generated in these hostels and canteens in the form of

vegetable waste, leftover food and other organic waste should be channelized

in an appropriate way to generate fuel, fertilizer and promote a clean

environment.

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Table 1: Growth of Educational Institutions in India and Tamil Nadu

India Tamil Nadu Colleges Enrolment* Colleges Enrolment*

1980-81 4152 2.76 382 0.19

1985-86 5232 3.83 395 0.21 1990-91 6627 5.03 608 0.24 1995-96 9033 6.38 716 0.36 2000-01 11304 10.00 986 0.42 2001-02 14232 9.74 989 0.59 2002-03 14913 10.01 1558 0.56

2003-04 15274 10.23 1530 0.61 2004-05 16009 11.77 1642 0.81 2005-06 19495 14.32 1436 1.32 2006-07 19812 15.55 1530 1.59 Growth rate 7.16 7.44 7.24 11.34

Note: * enrolment in millions; Growth rates (in %) are estimated by fitting a

semi log linear trend regressions from 1990-91 to 2003-04.

Source: Selected Educational Statistics, various issues

Figure 1: Population Estimates (1990-2012)

In this context, the concerned authorities should conscientise their

thought in utilizing organic waste for recovering energy to meet their cooking

requirements in institutions for energy security and cleaner and safer

environment. For facilitating better use of organic waste in large scale

establishments, Institutional Biogas Plants are one convenient, cost effective

and operationally viable device. Hence, an attempt has been made to study

the appropriateness of Institutional Biogas Plant in solving energy crisis.

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The ensuing words of our first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru clearly

brings forth the right path for rural development.

“We want to urbanise the villages not to take away the people from the villages to

the towns that are growing up, but brings urban standard to the villages and help

the bright persons of the village in the village itself”.

The programme of rural development are intended to bring about

changes in the existing level of living of the people in terms of improving their

conditions with regard to food, clothing, fuel, education, communication and

so on while concerned efforts had been taken in many areas, the problem of

fuel energy has been thought of only recently. Fuel energy is one of the basic

need and is a means to improve the quality of life to increase productivity and

employment (Sangma, 2011). To improve the quality of life of the nation the

energy problem facing the country should be viewed in the context of

75 percent of its population living in villages. An analysis of the energy

consumption indicates that fuel wood is the fourth largest source of energy

coming next to petroleum product, coal and natural gas. Fuel wood has been

the conventional source of energy meeting 87 percent of the domestic fuel

needs. The problem of fuel wood is more menacing than is usually realized

and unless adequate measures are taken the fuel wood supply will be critical

and unmanageable. If this situation continues the future generation is bound

to inherit a barren, polluted and dismal world. Besides the traditional

household open chulah has an extremely low thermal efficiency, so the heat

actually absorbed by the substances are extremely low, compared to the heat

given out by the wood consumed during the process. Apart from this the

smoke emitted from these stoves contains 17 major pollutants, 14 known

cancer causing substances and toxic agents. Hence an alternate efficient

source of energy is the need of the hour.

A major portion of the population in India is widely spread among many

small and isolated villages with the result that commercial energy sources are

hardly be expected to meet their enormous energy needs. Renewable

sources have a role to play, not only they are environmentally beneficial but

also they require less infrastructure development. In a country like India where

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capital is relatively scarce and where individual earnings are not high, this is

deterrent to most potential users of renewable energy system.

Among a number of options in the renewable sources of energy, solar

and biomass gained more importance. But the use of solar cooker the rural

areas has certain limitations – such as need to pre-plan the menu and cook

according to the sunshine take comparatively more time; impossible to use in

the night, shortage of electricity and inadequacy of fuel have posed problems

in the rural areas wherever it is available and also the price is exorbitant with

the result, dried cattle dung has become the main source of fuel

(Pandey, 2003).

In view of the fuel crisis and environmental pollution in recent years,

biogas technology has attracted worldwide attention. Biogas technology is an

appropriate solution to offer fuel, fertilizer and promotes environmental

sanitation. The ultimate application of this technology in the rural areas will

have far reaching effect in the rural reconstruction efforts by giving clean

energy, healthy environment, smoke free cooking atmosphere and protecting

the women from indoor pollution (Ajay, 2009).

In this biomethanated process, the wastes will be managed most

satisfactorily in addition valuable energy in the form of biogas could be

recovered substantially. At the same time the waste management will be

conducive to health and be environment friendly.

With the commendable work of National Biogas Development Project

considerable number of biogas plants has been installed. But even these

relatively simpler units of biogas plants are also beyond the reach of large

percentage of rural households. High cost, lack of space, insufficient number

of cattle and lack of man power were the bottlenecks for owning a biogas

plant. Hence, they were driven back to use the ordinary chulah.

Health and human development form an integral component of overall

socio-economic development of any nation (Chaturvedi, 2000). Good health is

of immense importance for personal happiness, family progress and for

prosperity of national sanitation is the science of safe guarding health. It is a

means of providing a clean environment and it also refers to the means of

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collecting and disposing of excreta and community waste in a hygienic way so

as not to endanger the health of individual and the community as a whole

(Hazra, 2011). But in the rural areas majority of them go to the fields for

defecation and thereby pollute the environment with human excreta.

Poverty, ignorance, customs, tradition and superstitious beliefs, high cost and

non-availability of space in the households are the reasons for many of them

to refrain themselves in having a sanitary latrine.

Human night soil management is a major sanitation problem in rural

India. Improper management of human excreta has been major threat to

environment as well as for health of the population in the country (Das, 2008).

WHO finding states that 80 per cent ailments in the developing countries are

due to improper water supply and improper sanitation, while about 50 per cent

ailments are the result of fecal contamination. In India, the practice of open

defecation had been a major problem.

So, the multifaceted problems facing the rural households such as non

availability of clean energy, indoor pollution and insanitary surrounding due to

open defecation can be mitigated through the night soil/garbage based

Community Biogas Plant installed in the Rural Reconstruction Programme

(Das, 2007). Such innovative programme has been considered as a real boon

to the households. However, the evaluatory studies in this direction are less.

This phase of the study has been framed in order to assess the benefits

accrued in qualitative and quantitative terms by installing Community Biogas

Plants.

This phenomenon prompted the investigator to take up a micro level

study titled as “Resource Recovery from Organic Wastes through Institutional

and Community Biogas Plants” in two major phases:

1. Resource Recovery from Institutional Biogas Plants

2. Exploring the prospects gained by the women in using Community

Biogas Plants through their involvement.

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Objectives of the study

1. understanding the trends and issues of Institutional Biogas Plant

2. gaining knowledge about design considerations, materials and labour

involved, modus of operandi of an Institutional Biogas Plant

3. quantifying the extent of availability of organic waste in the educational

institution

4. assessing the resource recovery in terms of fuel energy, money and

organic manure

5. analyzing the socio-economic impact among women in using

Community Biogas Plants

6. monitoring the indoor air pollution arise from the kitchen of rural

households

7. exploring the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Challenges.

India as a developing country is gaining importance in several

spheres in the world arena. To fulfill the dream of our Former President

Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam to make India a ‘Powerful Nation’, all citizens of India

need to strive hard. Energy and environment are the main yard stick to

measure the country’s sustainable development. In this regard the present

study addresses these issues and present workable solutions for energy

security and environmental sanitation. Thus, a time has come to put into

practice the viable cleaner technologies to achieve this millennium goal.

It is hoped that this micro level study will be an eye opener to all those starting

large institutions and using fossil fuels for quantity cookery to utilize organic

waste in their premises to make a pollution free country and save it from

energy crisis.