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Introduction. UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification Module Developed by Hilary Palevsky ([email protected]). Carbon emissions and sinks. Pg C/yr. IPCC AR5, Figure 6.8. Absorbing CO 2 changes ocean pH. Hawaii (Mauna Loa) South Pole. Hawaii (ALOHA) Bermuda (BATS) Canary Is. (ESTOC). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introducti on UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification Module Developed by Hilary Palevsky ([email protected])
Transcript
Page 1: Introduction

Introduction

UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification ModuleDeveloped by Hilary Palevsky

([email protected])

Page 2: Introduction

Carbon emissions and sinks

IPCC AR5, Figure 6.8

Pg C

/yr

Page 3: Introduction

Absorbing CO2 changes ocean pH

IPCC AR5, Figure SPM.4

Hawaii (Mauna Loa)South Pole

Hawaii (ALOHA)Bermuda (BATS)Canary Is. (ESTOC)

Page 4: Introduction

What is pH all about anyway?

• pH = -log[H+]• Decrease in pH =

increase in acidity• Logarithmic scale– A decrease of 1 unit is a

10× increase in [H+]– A decrease of 0.1 unit

(observed in the ocean between 1750 and today) is a 26% increase in [H+]

Page 5: Introduction

Ocean carbonate chemistry

CO2 dissolution in water:

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3

H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-

HCO3- ↔ H + + CO3

2-

What happens to [H+] as CO2 dissolves?

How does this change pH?

Page 6: Introduction

How does acidification affect CaCO3 shells?

Forming CaCO3 shells:

Ca2+ + CO32- ↔ CaCO3

Ω = [Ca2+][CO32-]/Ksp

When Ω < 1, water is undersaturated and CaCO3 will dissolve

Page 7: Introduction

Calcifying organismsGeoduck Blue mussel

Urchins

Pink calcifying algae

Juvenile king crabDungeness crab

• Examples of Puget Sound organisms that build shells, skeletons or other hard parts from CaCO3

Images from Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel on Ocean Acidification Report, 2012

Page 8: Introduction

Pteropods: OA poster child

• Zooplankton, swimming snail• Food for young salmon• Shells dissolve in low pH waters• Already observed shell

dissolution damage in Pacific Ocean off US west coast

Pteropods dissolve in water with pH and carbonate chemistry expected for 2100

Page 9: Introduction

Shellfish industry in Washington

• Washington is the country’s leading producer of farmed oysters, clams and mussels

• $270 million annually from shellfish aquaculture

• 3,200 jobs created by shellfish growers

Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel on Ocean Acidification Report, 2012

Page 10: Introduction

Impact on oyster growers in the Pacific Northwest

WA Blue Ribbon Panel Report, 2012

Page 11: Introduction

Your problem: How is ocean acidification affecting oyster larvae?

• Use data from Whiskey Creek Hatchery to investigate the relationship between water chemistry and oyster larval growth

• Explain your findings and provide advice to the hatchery managers

Photos: Steve Ringman, The Seattle Times

Page 12: Introduction

Part 1

UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification ModuleDeveloped by Hilary Palevsky

([email protected])

Page 13: Introduction

How do changes in Ω affect oyster larvae?

0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

-1.20

-1.00

-0.80

-0.60

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

R² = 0.556770509542721

Relative larval production dependence on Ω

Ω, aragonite saturation state

Rela

tive

larv

al p

rodu

ction

Page 14: Introduction

Barton et al., 2012 WA Blue Ribbon Panel Report

Whiskey Creek Hatchery,Netarts Bay, OR Taylor Shellfish

Hatchery,Dabob Bay, WA

How do changes in Ω affect oyster larvae?

Page 15: Introduction

Part 2

UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification ModuleDeveloped by Hilary Palevsky

([email protected])

Page 16: Introduction

Photosynthesis and respiration

CO2 + H2O ↔ CH2O + O2

Photosynthesis

Respiration

• Photosynthesis requires sunlight• Respiration occurs both day and night

How do you expect photosynthesis and respiration to change pH and Ω?

Page 17: Introduction

Coastal upwelling

• When winds blow along to the south along the coast, surface water is pushed offshore

• This causes deep water to upwells to the surface

Page 18: Introduction

Properties of deep water brought to the surface by upwelling

Feely et al., 2008

• Colder• Saltier• More CO2

(respiration but no photosynthesis in deep water)

Page 19: Introduction

One week of pH and Ωaragonite showing diurnal cycle

7/6 7/7 7/8 7/9 7/10 7/11 7/12 7/137.47.57.67.77.87.9

88.18.28.3

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

pHOmegapH

Om

ega

Page 20: Introduction

5/27 6/6 6/16 6/26 7/6 7/16 7/26 8/5-500

50100150200250

Upwelling Index

Upwelling Index

5/27 6/6 6/16 6/26 7/6 7/16 7/26 8/58

13

18

252729313335

Temperature and Salinity

TempSalinity

Tem

p. (°

C)

Salin

ity

5/27 6/6 6/16 6/26 7/6 7/16 7/26 8/57.7

7.757.8

7.857.9

7.958

8.058.1

0.811.21.41.61.822.2

pH and Ω 1-day running mean

pHOmega

pH

Om

ega

Page 21: Introduction

Part 3

UWHS Oysters and Ocean Acidification ModuleDeveloped by Hilary Palevsky

([email protected])

Page 22: Introduction

IPCC AR5 SPM.7

IPCC AR5 SPM.8

RCP 2.6 (low future emissions)

RCP 8.5 (high future

emissions)

Future projections

Page 23: Introduction

Future projections

IPCC AR5 Figure 6.29

Page 24: Introduction

Future projections for the US west coast

Gruber et al., 2012


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