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Introduction

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Introduction. The input network of the power amplifier will be designed in the example. The network synthesized will be expanded to allow for biasing of the transistor gate. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction The input network of the power amplifier will be designed in the example. The network synthesized will be expanded to allow for biasing of the transistor gate. Some of the stubs in the network will be replaced with stepped main-line sections. A thin-film resistor will also be added to the network to stabilize the transistor. The performance will be restored by optimizing the network. The discontinuity effects of the steps will also be reduced by adding extra steps in the network. The effects of
Transcript
Page 1: Introduction

Introduction

The input network of the power amplifier will be designed in the example. The network synthesized will be expanded to allow for biasing of the transistor gate.

Some of the stubs in the network will be replaced with stepped main-line sections. A thin-film resistor will also be added to the network to stabilize the transistor. The performance will be restored by optimizing the network.

The discontinuity effects of the steps will also be reduced by adding extra steps in the network. The effects of these steps on the performance will also be eliminated by optimization.

Page 2: Introduction

The amplifier as designed previously. The length of the input line selected has been increased to allow the matching network to be synthesized to start with a shunt element.

Page 3: Introduction

The specifications for the required matching network will be set up by using one of the wizards provided in a Schematic View.

Page 4: Introduction

The Impedance-Matching Wizard shown will be selected.

Page 5: Introduction

The network required will be inserted to the right of the selected component.

Page 6: Introduction

The position at which the network will be inserted is high-lighted.

Page 7: Introduction

The Impedance-Matching Wizard has been launched.

Page 8: Introduction

The passband can be changed on this page.

Page 9: Introduction

A default name and title were assigned to the matching problem.

Page 10: Introduction

The default option to control the gain/VSWRs associated with the input network will be used.

Page 11: Introduction

The impedances to be matched are listed in the table.

Page 12: Introduction

The option to display the impedances to be matched graphically was selected.

Page 13: Introduction

The steps provided by the wizard were completed. The Impedance-Matching Module will be launched next.

Page 14: Introduction

The impedance-matching document has been opened. The original circuit file is still open too.

Page 15: Introduction

The option to synthesize non-commensurate microstrip networks has been selected.

Page 16: Introduction

The terminations page will be selected in order to change the gain specified.

Page 17: Introduction

The terminations and the gain specified. Note that the default gain values were set to level the gain response of the amplifier.

Page 18: Introduction

The Gain Slope Command has been selected to change all the gain values to 0 dB (best match instead of lowest gain ripple).

Page 19: Introduction

The gain values were adjusted to 0 dB.

Page 20: Introduction

Some of the Topology Settings will be changed.

Page 21: Introduction

Five-element lowpass solutions, with the first element (load side) shunt, will be synthesized.

Page 22: Introduction

The default settings for Gain Window and the Q-range are displayed.

Page 23: Introduction

The lumped element values will not be constrained.

Page 24: Introduction

The Distributed Networks Wizard will be launched.

Page 25: Introduction

The first page of the wizard is displayed.

Page 26: Introduction

The same substrate will be used.

Page 27: Introduction

The specifications for the vias allowed. By setting a large step size only one via size is allowed.

Page 28: Introduction

Double stubs will be allowed in the networks to be synthesized.

Page 29: Introduction

The line widths and the stub separation to be used.

Page 30: Introduction

A rendering of the specifications made is displayed. The blue box shown represents the height of the substrate.

Page 31: Introduction

The parasitics associated with the junctions in the networks to be synthesized. The range allowed for the main-line should also be checked.

Page 32: Introduction

The last page of the wizard is displayed.

Page 33: Introduction

The changes made are saved.

Page 34: Introduction

The Synthesis Command will be selected.

Page 35: Introduction

The best solutions obtained with the specifications made. Note that Q3 is outside the search range specified (-4.4, 4.4).

Page 36: Introduction

The artwork of the first solution.

Page 37: Introduction

The command to display the next solution will be selected.

Page 38: Introduction

The second solution obtained.

Page 39: Introduction

The third solution obtained.

Page 40: Introduction

The Q-range will be extended to see if better solutions are available.

Page 41: Introduction

The Search Parameters Command will be selected.

Page 42: Introduction

The Quick Edit feature is used to increase the search range.

Page 43: Introduction

The new Q-range.

Page 44: Introduction

The Synthesis Command will be selected again.

Page 45: Introduction

The best solution obtained this time. Q3 is higher than before and the solution is more sensitive to component changes.

Page 46: Introduction

The second solution obtained.

Page 47: Introduction

The third solution obtained.

Page 48: Introduction

The artwork of the second solution will be displayed.

Page 49: Introduction

The artwork of the second solution.

Page 50: Introduction

The second solution will be exported to circuit file.

Page 51: Introduction

The solution was exported. The option to close the Impedance-Matching Document will be selected.

Page 52: Introduction

The matching network selected has been inserted into the schematic. The Save Command will be used to save the circuit.

Page 53: Introduction

The performance of the amplifier will be analyzed.

Page 54: Introduction

The transducer power gain response is very flat over the passband and the input match is good (VSWR <= 1.414).

Page 55: Introduction

The artwork of the amplifier is displayed. This solution can be realized, but the two double stubs on the input side will be replaced with stepped main-line sections in order to illustrate the features provided.

Page 56: Introduction

The Equivalent Stub Command will be used to replace the stubs in the middle of the input network with stepped main-line sections.

Page 57: Introduction

The option to replace the first stub with a main-line section is selected.

Page 58: Introduction

The stub has been replaced with a main-line section.

Page 59: Introduction

The performance with the change is analyzed.

Page 60: Introduction

The next stub will also be converted to a main-line section.

Page 61: Introduction

The relevant option has been selected.

Page 62: Introduction

Both stubs have been replaced with stepped main-line sections.

Page 63: Introduction

The artwork of the amplifier after replacing the two stubs.

Page 64: Introduction

The input match was degraded by the changes made. The performance will be restored by optimization.

Page 65: Introduction

The variables to be optimized will be marked next.

Page 66: Introduction

The variables set for optimization are displayed in blue. Optimization bounds will be set next.

Page 67: Introduction

The bounds set for the first stepped main-line section.

Page 68: Introduction

The bounds set for the next section.

Page 69: Introduction

The error function to be used during the optimization will be set up next.

Page 70: Introduction

The parameters to be optimized were selected. Note that the stability factor was not included in the error function.

Page 71: Introduction

The passband can be changed on this page.

Page 72: Introduction

The gain to be optimized is the overall gain (all the matching networks are in place at this point).

Page 73: Introduction

The gain window and the weight factors for the gain are specified on this page.

Page 74: Introduction

The specifications made for the input and output VSWRs.

Page 75: Introduction

The specifications made for the output power. The output power could have been ignored at this point (no variables were selected in the output network).

Page 76: Introduction

The error function has been defined.

Page 77: Introduction

The command to optimize the circuit will be selected next.

Page 78: Introduction

The performance after optimization is displayed. The option to update the circuit with the changes made will be accepted.

Page 79: Introduction

The schematic of the optimized input network.

Page 80: Introduction

The artwork of the optimized input network.

Page 81: Introduction

The input impedance and the output impedance of the amplifier are displayed on a Smith Chart with the normalized gain.

Page 82: Introduction

The stability of the circuit will be considered next.

Page 83: Introduction

The Rollette (k) and the Sterne (K) stability factors of the circuit are displayed.

Page 84: Introduction

The shunt resistance required to stabilize the circuit will be displayed.

Page 85: Introduction

The circuit can be stabilized easily by loading its input with a shunt resistor of 330 Ohm (The loss in gain will be less than 1 dB).

Page 86: Introduction

The series resistance required on the input of the circuit is not well-behaved.

Page 87: Introduction

The line shown will be split in two. The series resistance required for stabilization at this point is small and well-behaved. This was established by experimentation.

Page 88: Introduction

The schematic before splitting the 67.7 Ohm line.

Page 89: Introduction

The line was split in two. The two lines combined are identical to the original line.

Page 90: Introduction

The circuit to the left of the second 67.7 Ohm line must be deleted temporarily to calculate the resistance required for stabilization at this point. The quickest way to do this is to edit the text description of the circuit.

Page 91: Introduction

The circuit section of interest has been selected and will be commented out.

Page 92: Introduction

The lines of interest were converted to comment lines.

Page 93: Introduction

The schematic of the modified circuit will be displayed.

Page 94: Introduction

The modified circuit was analyzed.

Page 95: Introduction

The series resistance required for stabilization will be displayed.

Page 96: Introduction

The series resistance required on the input side is small and decreases monotonically with increasing frequency. 2.2 Ohm in series will be sufficient to stabilize the transistor.

Page 97: Introduction

The commented lines will be activated again.

Page 98: Introduction

The relevant lines have been selected again and will be activated again.

Page 99: Introduction

The schematic view will be opened again.

Page 100: Introduction

The restored schematic.

Page 101: Introduction

The Dimensions Command was used to display the dimensions of the line selected. The line is 1mm wide. The same width will be used for the thin-film resistor.

Page 102: Introduction

A thin-film resistor will be inserted between the two 67.7 Ohm lines.

Page 103: Introduction

The resistor was edited to be 1mm wide and 0.2mm long.

Page 104: Introduction

The sheet resistance of the resistor will be edited in a text view.

Page 105: Introduction

The sheet resistance was changed from 50 Ohm/square to 5 Ohm/square.

Page 106: Introduction

The performance of the modified circuit has been analyzed. The resistor inserted (1 Ohm) is not big enough to stabilize the circuit.

Page 107: Introduction

The length of the resistor was doubled and the performance was analyzed again. The circuit is now inherently stable. The loss in gain and the change in the input VSWR are minimal.

Page 108: Introduction

The circuit will be edited to allow for biasing the gate of the transistor.

Page 109: Introduction

A shunt block was inserted into the network after adjusting the lengths of the two 50 Ohm lines.

Page 110: Introduction

The shunt network inserted.

Page 111: Introduction

The artwork of the modified network.

Page 112: Introduction

The length of the selected 50 Ohm line will be increased to prevent coupling between the stubs.

Page 113: Introduction

The artwork after the adjustment.

Page 114: Introduction

Another shunt block was inserted to allow for feeding the required dc voltage into the circuit.

Page 115: Introduction

The circuit after editing the second block.

Page 116: Introduction

Parasitics will be added to the 0603 capacitors next.

Page 117: Introduction

The same parasitics are specified for the other 22pF capacitor.

Page 118: Introduction

The artwork of the circuit.

Page 119: Introduction

The selected stub will be bent downwards.

Page 120: Introduction

The specifications made for the bend.

Page 121: Introduction

The performance of the circuit with the changes made.

Page 122: Introduction

The blocking capacitor required will be added next.

Page 123: Introduction

The capacitor with its pads and the lines added to model the phase shift through the capacitor.

Page 124: Introduction

Lines for modeling the phase shift were added to the other capacitor too.

Page 125: Introduction

The length of the lines added will be adjusted in the artwork view.

Page 126: Introduction

The specifications made for each of the lines added.

Page 127: Introduction

The required cut commands will be added for the phase shift lines in a text view.

Page 128: Introduction

The cut commands added for the capacitor selected.

Page 129: Introduction

The other capacitor is selected on the artwork in order to add the required cut commands.

Page 130: Introduction

The commands after editing.

Page 131: Introduction

The performance of the circuit after the adjustments.

Page 132: Introduction

The line selected will be shortened.

Page 133: Introduction

The values of the lumped components used can be displayed on the artwork. This feature can be toggled on/off by pressing the letter “M”.

Page 134: Introduction

The label associated with each lumped component can be moved if necessary (Use the letters “Q”, “W”, “I” and “O”).

Page 135: Introduction

The input network will be optimized again to compensate for the changes made.

Page 136: Introduction

The stability factor can now be included in the optimization.

Page 137: Introduction

The passband page.

Page 138: Introduction

The gain selected for optimization.

Page 139: Introduction

The window and the weight factors specified for the gain.

Page 140: Introduction

The specifications made for the input and the output VSWRs.

Page 141: Introduction

The specifications made for the stability factor.

Page 142: Introduction

The specifications made for the output power.

Page 143: Introduction

The last page of the Error Function Wizard.

Page 144: Introduction

The Optimization Command will be selected next.

Page 145: Introduction

The optimized performance. The option to update the circuit with the changes made will be selected.

Page 146: Introduction

The characteristic impedance values of the two stepped lines were adjusted to be the same.

Page 147: Introduction

The performance of the optimized amplifier.

Page 148: Introduction

The artwork of the optimized amplifier.

Page 149: Introduction

The artwork after further refinement and optimization.

Page 150: Introduction

The performance of the final amplifier.


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