1 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Introduction and HistoryIntroduction and History

• MicroMicrobiologybiology• Microorganism:Microorganism: 主要之研究對象主要之研究對象• Microbes: animalculesMicrobes: animalcules• Definition:Definition: 無法以肉眼看到之微小生物無法以肉眼看到之微小生物• Microscope: Anton van LeeuwenhoekMicroscope: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

magnifying glassesmagnifying glasses

2 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

3 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

4 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

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•

6 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Discovery of microbial worldDiscovery of microbial world

• Origin of microorganismsOrigin of microorganisms• Spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation 自然發生說自然發生說• organisms arise from nonliving morganisms arise from nonliving m

atter----Francesco Rediatter----Francesco Redi• 腐肉生蛆腐肉生蛆• John NeedhamJohn Needham

• Abbe Lazzaro SpallanzaniAbbe Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Francesco Redi

8 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

BiogenesisBiogenesis

• Louis Pasteur—Louis Pasteur—thethe father offather of MicrobiologyMicrobiology

A French chemistA French chemist disprove the spontaneous generationdisprove the spontaneous generation swan-necked flasksswan-necked flasks• John Tyndall-English physicistJohn Tyndall-English physicist hay infusionhay infusion heat-resistant forms---endosporeheat-resistant forms---endospore

9 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Swan-necked flasksSwan-necked flasks

10 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

11 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

The golden age of microbiologyThe golden age of microbiology

• Began in 1857 to the 20th century for Began in 1857 to the 20th century for 60 years60 years

• The work of Louis PasteurThe work of Louis Pasteur

1. Pasteurization1. Pasteurization

wine fermentationwine fermentation

yeast cells and bacteriayeast cells and bacteria

germ theory of diseasegerm theory of disease

12 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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Pasteur and diseasesPasteur and diseases

• Isolation Isolation 隔離法隔離法• Vaccination Vaccination 預防注射預防注射 vaccine vaccine 疫苗疫苗 vaccinia virus vaccinia virus 牛痘病毒牛痘病毒• BiogenesisBiogenesis

14 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

15 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Robert KochRobert Koch

• Anthrax Anthrax 炭疽病炭疽病

Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis

• Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates

• Cultivation techniquesCultivation techniques

• Pure culture Pure culture 純培養純培養

•

16 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates

17 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Joseph ListerJoseph Lister

18 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Characteristics of microorganismsCharacteristics of microorganisms

• Prokaryotes (Prokaryotes (propro= primitive) = primitive) 原核生物原核生物• Eukaryotes (Eukaryotes (eueu=true) =true) 真核生物真核生物 1. bacteria 1. bacteria 細菌細菌 Rickettsiae Rickettsiae 立次菌立次菌 Chlamydiae Chlamydiae 披衣菌披衣菌 Mycoplasmas Mycoplasmas 黴漿菌黴漿菌 Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria 藍菌藍菌

19 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

20 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus

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Bacillus subtilis

22 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Scope of MicroorganismsScope of Microorganisms

• 2. Fungi 2. Fungi 真菌 真菌 --eukaryotes--eukaryotes

• 3. Protozoa 3. Protozoa 原生動物原生動物 --eukaryotes--eukaryotes

• 4. Unicellular algae 4. Unicellular algae 藻類藻類 --eukaryotes--eukaryotes

• 5. Viruses 5. Viruses 病毒病毒

23 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Cyclotella meneghinianaCyclotella meneghiniana – an algae – an algae

24 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Tetrahymena pyriformis– Tetrahymena pyriformis– a protozoaa protozoa

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Crithidia luciliae-flagellate protozoan

26 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

General properties of microorganismsGeneral properties of microorganisms

• Origin of classification--- taxonomyOrigin of classification--- taxonomy

3 Kingdoms—Plant, Animal, Protist3 Kingdoms—Plant, Animal, Protist

• Modern classificationModern classification

Robert H. Whittaer in 1969Robert H. Whittaer in 1969

Five-Kingdom systemFive-Kingdom system—Monera, Protista, F—Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animaliaungi, Plantae, Animalia

27 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Bacterial TaxonomyBacterial Taxonomy

• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic BacteriologBergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriologyy

• Nomenclature—binomial systemNomenclature—binomial system

二名法 二名法 ((bibi-nomial=two names)-nomial=two names)

EscherichiaEscherichia colicoli or or Escherichia coliEscherichia coli

E. coli E. coli 大腸桿菌大腸桿菌 Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis or or B. subtilis B. subtilis 枯草桿菌枯草桿菌

28 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Five-Kingdom systemFive-Kingdom system

29 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Size RelationshipsSize Relationships• The unit of length: micrometer, The unit of length: micrometer, μmμm Protozoa 100 μmProtozoa 100 μm Virus 0.01 μm Virus 0.01 μm Fungi 10-40 μm Fungi 10-40 μm Bacteria 1-5 μm Bacteria 1-5 μm Rickettsiae 0.5 μm Rickettsiae 0.5 μm Chlamydiae 0.25 μm Chlamydiae 0.25 μm

30 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Size comparisonSize comparison

31 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

MicroscopyMicroscopy• Light microscope Light microscope 光學顯微鏡光學顯微鏡 bright-field microscopebright-field microscope

compound microscopecompound microscope

oil-immersion microscopyoil-immersion microscopy• Dark-field microscope Dark-field microscope 暗視野顯微鏡暗視野顯微鏡• Phase-constrast microscope Phase-constrast microscope 位像差顯微鏡位像差顯微鏡• Fluorescent microscope Fluorescent microscope 螢光顯微鏡螢光顯微鏡• Electron microscope Electron microscope 電子顯微鏡電子顯微鏡

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Bright-fieldBright-field Dark-fieldDark-field

Phase-contrastPhase-contrast Interference contrastInterference contrast

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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope

• TEMTEM 穿透式電子顯微鏡穿透式電子顯微鏡 TTransmission ransmission EElectron lectron MMicroscopeicroscope

• SEM SEM 掃描式電子顯微鏡掃描式電子顯微鏡 SScanning canning EElectron lectron MMicroscopeicroscope

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TEMTEM SEMSEM

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E. coliE. coli

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Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus 金黃色葡萄狀球菌

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Streptococcus pyrogenes 化膿性練球菌化膿性練球菌

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Poliovirus– a virus– a virus

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Aspergillus flavus – a fungus – a fungus

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42 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

Special fields of MicrobiologySpecial fields of Microbiology

• Immunology Immunology 免疫學免疫學• Virology Virology 病毒學病毒學• Chemotherapy Chemotherapy 化學療法化學療法• Genetics Genetics 遺傳學遺傳學• Molecular Biology Molecular Biology 分子生物學分子生物學• Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering 基因工程學基因工程學• Biotechnology Biotechnology 生物技術學生物技術學

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DNA double helixDNA double helix

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45 Fu Jen Catholic University, Department of Life Science

The scope of MicrobiologyThe scope of Microbiology

• Basic MicrobiologyBasic Microbiology

• Applied MicrobiologyApplied Microbiology

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Basic MicrobiologyBasic Microbiology

• Morphology, StructureMorphology, Structure

• Nutrition, Growth, MetabolismNutrition, Growth, Metabolism

• ControlControl

• GeneticsGenetics

• Host-microbe interactionHost-microbe interaction

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Applied MicrobiologyApplied Microbiology• Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology• Food MicrobiologyFood Microbiology• Industrial MicrobiologyIndustrial Microbiology• Environmental MicrobiologyEnvironmental Microbiology Soil MicrobiologySoil Microbiology Water MicrobiologyWater Microbiology Air MicrobiologyAir Microbiology