CANCER

•INTRODUCTION•SIGNS & SYMPTOMS•DIET•CAUSES OF CANCER•PHYSIOLOGY- PRESENTED BY S1

Introduction:CancerCancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth.

Types of CancerThere are more than 100 types of cancer breast cancer

Skin Cancer Breast Cancer

Types of Cancer

Colon Cancer Prostate Cancer

Types of Cancer

Lymphoma Cancer Cervical Cancer

Types of Cancer

Lung Cancer Oral Cancer

Facts about Cancer8.2 million people died worldwide from

cancer in 2012.In India 1.5 – 2 million estimated cancer cases at any

point of timeEvery year 8 lakhs new cases are detected in IndiaEvery year 5.5 lakhs cancer patients die in our

country.70 – 80 % cancer cases are detected at late stage

when treatment is not possible.

Facts about CancerAmong men, the 5 most common sites of

cancer diagnosed in 2012 were lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer.

Among women the 5 most common sites diagnosed were breast, colorectal, lung, cervix, and stomach cancer.

Around one third of cancer deaths are due to the 5 leading behavioral and dietary risks.

Causes of Cancer 1. Tobacco: Smoking active or passive – both are harmful. Consumption of tobacco in form of khaini, zarda and ghutka also causes cancer.2. Betelnut: Betelnut contains carcinogens .The nuts kept burried in the ground for long period leads to the growth of fungus which is carcinogenic.3. Alcohol: Alcohol consumption leads to cancer of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver.4. Fats: High intake of fat (animal) increases the risk of developing cancer (breast and colon).

5. Barbequed food :High fat and high protein food when grilled at high temperature produces a chemical known to be having carcinogenic effect.6. Pollution: Air pollution contains asbestos may cause cancer. Industrial workers are exposed to various chemicals which are known to be carcinogenic.7. X-Rays: X-rays may stimulate the development of cancer. X-ray done on pregnant women may increase the frequency of childhood cancer. Repeated x-rays should be avoided.8.Hereditary: Few cancers like retinoblastoma (eye), colon cancer, breast cancer and esophageal cancer arising from genetically caused polyps.

Signs and

SymptomsThey are mostly likely to be caused by something

much less serious than cancer but could be a sign of cancer

General Symptoms Of Cancer Breathlessness. Persistent heartburn or indigestion. Persistent bloating. Looser stools or stools are more often. Sore that won’t heel. Heavy night sweats. Unexplained weight loss. Persistent cough. Cough up blood. Unexplained pain or ache. Fatigue. Unusual lump or swelling anywhere.

Throat and Mouth Cancer- Croaky voice or hoarseness.- Difficulty swallowing.- Mouth or tongue ulcer that wont heel.

Breast Cancer- Unusual breast change or lumps.

Cervical Cancer-Blood in your pee.-Problems peeing.-Unexplained vaginal bleeding.

Skin Cancer-New mole or changes to a mole.-Skin changes: Darker looking skin ,yellowish skin

and eyes, reddened skin itching ,excessive hair growth white patches inside the mouth or white spots on the tongue.

Dietary factors are recognized as having a significant effect on the risk of cancers, with different dietary elements both increasing and reducing risk. Diet, physical inactivity, and obesity may be related to up to 30–35% of cancer deaths. By far the most significant dietary cause of cancer is overnutrition (eating too much).

Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention typically include weight management and eating "mainly vegetables, fruit, whole grains and fish, and a reduced intake of red meat, animal fat, and refined sugar."

Dietary sources that increase the risk of cancer

Cancer causing foods Alcohol is associated with an increased risk of a number of

cancers. 3.6% of all cancer cases and 3.5% of cancer deaths worldwide are attributable to drinking of alcohol.Breast cancer in women is linked with alcohol intake.[2][18] Alcohol also increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, esophagus, pharynx and larynx, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, stomach and ovaries.

Processed meats. Most processed meat products, including lunch meats, bacon, sausage, and hot dogs, contain chemical preservatives and are generally high in fat and salt, that make them appear fresh and appealing, but that can also cause cancer. Both sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate have been linked to significantly increasing the risk of colon and other forms of cancer.

Refined 'white' flours. Refined flour is a common ingredient in processed foods, but its excess carbohydrate content is a serious cause for concern. Regular consumption of refined carbohydrates was linked to a 220 percent increase in breast cancer among women. High-glycemic foods in general have also been shown to rapidly raise blood sugar levels in the body, which directly feeds cancer cell growth and spread

Refined sugars. The same goes for refined sugars, which tend to rapidly spike insulin levels and feed the growth of cancer cells. Fructose-rich sweeteners like high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are particularly offensive, as cancer cells have been shown to quickly and easily metabolize them in order to proliferate. And since cookies, cakes, pies, sodas, juices, sauces, cereals, and many other popular, mostly processed, food items are loaded with HFCS and other refined sugars, this helps explain why cancer rates are on the rise these days

Hydrogenated oils. They are commonly used to preserve processed foods and keep them shelf-stable. But hydrogenated oils alter the structure and flexibility of cell membranes throughout the body, which can lead to a host of debilitating diseases such as cancer.

Artificial sweeteners – such as aspartame, saccharine and cyclamate. Laboratory rats can develop bladder cancer if fed huge amounts of saccharin or cyclamate, although this is at levels thousands of times greater than a normal diet. International studies have shown that humans are not affected in the same way. Artificial sweeteners are considered safe to eat.

Foods to ‘eat more’The strongest protective anti-cancer effect has been

shown with:vegetables, especially raw vegetables or salads, such

as leafy green vegetables and carrotsfoods high in dietary fibre, such as grains and cerealstomatoescitrus fruitscruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage,

Brussels sprouts, bok choy and other Asian greens.Include more of these vegetables and fruits in your

diet, along with other varieties.

Causes of cancerWhat Causes Cancer? Cancer is a complex group of diseases with many possible causes. In this section you can learn more about the known causes of cancer, including genetic factors; lifestyle factors such as tobacco use, diet, and physical activity; certain types of infections; and environmental exposures to different types of chemicals and radiation

Genetics and CancerTobacco and CancerDiet and Physical ActivitySun and UV ExposureRadiation Exposure and

Cancer Risk

What causes the most cancer? 

The fundamental cause of cancer is damaged or faulty genes – the instructions that tell our cells what to do. Genes are encoded within DNA, so anything that damages DNA can increase the risk of cancer.

But a number of genes in the same cell need to be damaged before it becomes cancerous.

Top Ten Cancer Causing Foods to Avoid Genetically Modified

Foods (GMOs) Microwave Popcorn Canned Goods Grilled Red MeatRefined SugarSalted, Pickled, and

Smoked Foods

White Flour Soda and Carbonated Beverages Farmed Fish Hydrogenated Oils

Risk factors for cancerAccording to World Health Organization (WHO),

common risk factors for cancer include:Tobacco useAlcohol useOverweight and obesityDietary factors, including insufficient fruit and

vegetable intakePhysical inactivityChronic infections from helicobacter pylori, hepatitis

B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and some types of human papilloma virus (HPV)

Environmental and occupational risks including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

PathophysiologyWeight loss and failure to gain weight

normally in cancer patients are attributable to negative energy balance and altered metabolism

In cancer patients,either reduced caloric intake or increased caloric expenditure or a combination of the 2 results in negative energy balance

Energy balanceThe role of insufficient food consumption

as a cause of weight loss or growth failure in a cancer

The energy balance in an cancer patient is studied under the conditions of,activity level of the patient,etc

Results has shown that increased carbohydrate intakeresults in a furture increase in lactate production

Pathophysiology of cancer induced bone pain

• Cancer induced bone pain(CIBP)is a common clinical problem.Although treatment has been revolutionised in the past 10years with the introduction of bisphosphonates,pain arising spontaneosly of a movement,remaining a leading cause of unresolved pain in many patients.

• Immunocytochemical markers of neurotransmitter and recepters indicate that CIBP has a unique characterictics,unlike neuropathy or inflammation

Increased energy expenditure

The increased energy expenditure of cancer patients includes energy expenditure within tumor and energy demand

Circulation of blood through tumor may increase energy utilization by heart

When energy expenditure exceeds energy intake,body fat and body protien are then mobilized to meet the energy requirements.

Genetic changes In normal cells, genes regulate growth, maturity and death of the

cells. Genetic changes can occur at many levels. There could be a gain or loss of entire chromosomes or a single point mutation affecting a single DNA nucleotide.

There are two broad categories of genes which are affected by these change:

Oncogenes – these are cancer causing genes. They may be normal genes which are expressed at inappropriately high levels in patients with cancers or they may be altered or changed normal genes due to mutation. In both cases these genes lead to cancerous changes in the tissues.

Tumor suppressor genes – these genes normally inhibit cell division and prevent survival of cells that have damaged DNA. In patients with cancer these tumor suppressor genes are often disabled. This is caused by cancer-promoting genetic changes. Typically, changes in many genes are required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.

- by S1 group