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Introduction

PhD. Nguyen Hua PhungHCMC University of Technology, Viet Nam

06, 2014

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Outline

1 Introduction

2 Reasons to study Concepts of ProgrammingLanguages

3 Language Evaluation Criteria

4 Language Design

5 Implementation Methods

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Lecturer In Charge

My name: Nguyen Hua PhungEmail: phung@cse.hcmut.edu.vn

Website: http://cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~phung(pending)Ofce hour: 9:00-11:30 Tuesday (subject to change)Sakai: https://elearning.hcmut.edu.vn

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References

Programming Languages: Principles And Paradigms,Maurizio Gabbrielli and Simone Martini, Springer,2006.

Programming Languages: Principles and Practices,Kenneth C. Louden, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2003.Ngon Ngu Lap Trinh: Cac nguyen ly va mo hinh, CaoHoang Tru, 2004.

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Assessment

Tutorial/Lab/Online: 10%Assignment: 20%Midterm: 20%Final:50%

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Obj i

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Objectives

After complete this subject, students are able to:describe formally lexicon and grammar of aprogramming language

describe and explain some mechanism of aprogramming languageimplement a interpreter/compiler for a simpleprogramming language

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B f S d i

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Benets of Studying

Increased capacity to express ideaImproved background for choosing appropriatelanguagesIncreased ability to learn new languagesBetter understanding of the signicance ofimplementationBetter use of languages that are already known

Overall advancement of computing

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P i D i

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Programming Domains

Scientic ApplicationsFortran, ALGOL 60Business ApplicationsCOBOL

Articial IntelligenceLISP, PrologSystems ProgrammingPL/S, BLISS, Extended ALGOL, and C

Web SoftwareXHTML, JavaScript, PHP

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L Ch t i ti

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Language Characteristics

SimplicityOrthogonality

Support of abstraction (Control, Data)Safety...

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E al ation

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Evaluation

ReadabilityWritabilityReliabilityCost

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Inuences on Language Design

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Inuences on Language Design

Computer ArchitectureVon Neumann

Programming MethodologiesImperative

Machine-based

ProceduralDeclarative

LogicFunctionalConstraint

Query-basedObject-Oriented...

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Computer Architecture Inuence

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Computer Architecture Inuence

Well-known computer architecture: Von NeumannImperative languages, most dominant, because ofvon Neumann computers

Data and programs stored in memory

Memory is separate from CPUInstructions and data are piped from memory to CPUBasis for imperative languagesVariables model memory cellsAssignment statements model writing to memory cellIteration is efcient

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Programming Methodologies Inuences

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Programming Methodologies Inuences

1950s and early 1960s: Simple applications; worryabout machine efciencyLate 1960s: Efciency became important; readability,better control structures

Structured programmingTop-down design and step-wise renementLate 1970s: Process-oriented to data-oriented

data abstractionMiddle 1980s: Object-oriented programming

Data abstraction + inheritance + polymorphism

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Language Paradigms

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Language Paradigms

Imperative (C, Pascal)

Central features are variables, assignmentstatements, and iterationFunctional (LISP, Scheme, Haskel, Ocaml, Scala)

Main means of making computations is by applyingfunctions to given parameters

Logic (Prolog)Rule-based (rules are specied in no particular order)

Object-oriented (Java, C++, Scala)Data abstraction, inheritance, late binding

Markup (XHTML, XML)New; not a programming per se, but used to specifythe layout of information in Web documents

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Language Design Trade-Offs

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Language Design Trade-Offs

Reliability vs. cost of executionConicting criteriaExample: Java demands all references to arrayelements be checked for proper indexing but thatleads to increased execution costs

Readability vs. writability

Another conicting criteriaExample: APL provides many powerful operators(and a large number of new symbols), allowingcomplex computations to be written in a compactprogram but at the cost of poor readability

Writability (exibility) vs. reliabilityAnother conicting criteriaExample: C++ pointers are powerful and very exiblebut not reliably used

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Implementation Methods

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Implementation Methods

CompilationPrograms are entirely translated into machinelanguage and then executedPure InterpretationPrograms are translated and executed line-by-lineHybrid Implementation SystemsA compromise between compilers and pureinterpretersJust-in-time CompilerA compiler inside an interpreter compiles just hotmethods

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Implementation Methods

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Implementation Methods

CompilerSourceExecution

DataResult

InterpreterSource

DataResult

CompilerSourceInterpreter

DataResult

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Compilation Phases

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Compilation Phases

source program

lexical analyzer

syntax analyzer

semantic analyzer

intermediate code generator

code optimizer

code generator

target program

front end

back end

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Related Programs

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Related Programs

PreprocessorAssemblerLinkerLoaderDebuggerEditor

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Summary

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Summary

What are still in your mind?

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