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INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) *...

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INTRODUCTION ScWk 240 – Research Methods and Design Session 1 1
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Page 1: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

INTRODUCTION  

ScWk  240  –  Research  Methods  and  Design    

Session  1    

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Page 2: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

HOW  DO  WE  ACQUIRE  KNOWLEDGE?  

* Authority  * Tradition  * Experience  *  Intuition  * Research  Method  

Intuition

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Page 3: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

*  Knowledge  that  is  passed  down  from  experts  or  authorities  (e.g.,  scientists,  expert  practitioners,  master  teachers)  in  a  particular  field  

*  Be  open  to  questioning  the  accuracy  of  authority  figures  

*  Be  particularly  skeptical  of  the  media  as  a  source  of  evidence  

Authority  

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Page 4: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

*  Knowledge  that  is  passed  on  through  tradition  

*  Sometimes  based  on  dictates  of  authority  *  The  accepted  way  of  doing  things,  or  the  way  that  

things  have  “always”  been  done  

*  Differentiate  between  knowledge  (based  on  facts)  and  beliefs  (based  on  faith)    

*  Accept  that  both  are  neither  final  nor  certain  

Tradition  

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* Knowledge  that  is  gained  by  doing  

* Through  experience,  you  gain  knowledge  but  you  also  gain  biases  

Experience  

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Page 6: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* Knowledge  that  stems  from  a  “gut”  feeling  or  some  subconscious  process  

* Not  to  be  confused  with  professional  judgment,  which  is  a  conscious  process  where  facts  and  experience  are  both  considered  to  form  a  basis  for  making  reasoned  decisions    

Intuition  (Common  Sense)  

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* Knowledge  is  developed  from  scientific  methods,  rather  than  from  unsubstantiated  media  reports,  etc.    

*  Features  values  of  the  research  method  way  of  knowing:  

 

* Value  Awareness  *  Skeptical  Curiosity  *  Sharing  * Honesty  

The  Research  Method  

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Page 8: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* One  value  of  the  research  method  is  for  gaining  knowledge  

* Researchers  must  be  aware  of  their  personal  values  and  biases,  and  understand  how  such  bias  affects  the  research  process  

Value  Awareness  

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Page 9: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* A  second  value  of  the  research  method  for  gaining  knowledge  

* Researchers  must  question  the  findings  that  are  derived  from  research  studies  

* Questioning  research  findings  will  lead  to  more  research  activity  (e.g.,  replication)  aimed  at  finding  the  “truth”  

Skeptical  Curiosity  

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Page 10: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* A  third  value  of  the  research  method  for  gaining  knowledge  * Share  research  with  a  broad  audience  * Share  the  research  methodology  (how  the  study  was  conducted)  * Share  the  research  results  (what  the  study  found)  

Sharing  

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Page 11: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* A  fourth  value  of  the  research  method  for  gaining  knowledge  * Take  special  care  to  avoid  harm  to  others,  and  share  research  honestly  by  clearly  explaining  what  you  did  and  what  you  found  in  your  study.    * Even  when:  * The  research  results  are  the  opposite  of  what  was  expected  (hypothesized)  * The  research  results  are  not  clear  cut  

Honesty  and  Ethics  

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Page 12: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

Experimental  Reality:  what  you  know  as  a  function  of  your  direct  experience  and  observation    

Agreement  Reality:  what  you  consider  real  because  you  have  been  told  so  and  because  others  agree  it  is  real    

Everything  is  open  to  question  and  we  should  keep  an  open  mind.        

The  Scientific  Method  is  the  conscious  and  diligent  research  process  based  on  the  assumptions  that  the  natural  world  is  essentially  orderly  and  that  observed  phenomena  have  some  stimulus  or  cause.  

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Human  Inquiry  and  Science  Experimental  vs.  Agreement  Reality  

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The  Scientific  Method  hopes  to  minimize  the  following  and  other  pitfalls  so  that  our  understanding  is  improved:  

           Inaccurate  Observations          Overgeneralizations              Selective  Observations          Illogical  Reasoning              Ex  Post  Facto  Hypothesizing        Mystification              Premature  Closing  of  Inquiry        Made-­‐Up  Information  

 

Always  Remember:    To  Err  is  Human!  

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Errors  in  Human  Inquiry  

Page 14: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

*  All  social  work  activities,  both  practice  and  research,  are  organized  around  one  central  assumption:  There  is  a  preferred  order  of  thinking  and  action.  

*  4-­‐phase  Problem  Solving  Process  *  Phase  1:  Defining  the  Problem  *  Phase  2:  Determining  the  Solution  *  Phase  3:  Implementation  *  Phase  4:  Evaluation  

RESEARCH  AND  PRACTICE:    PROBLEM  SOLVING  PROCESSES  

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Page 15: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* Two  complimentary  approaches:  * The  Quantitative  Approach  * Data  are  represented  in  the  form  of  numbers    * Descriptive  and  inferential  statistical  analyses    * The  Qualitative  Approach  * Data  are  presented  in  the  form  of  words,  diagrams,  or  drawings.    * Coding  and  thematic  analyses  

APPROACHES  TO  THE  RESEARCH  METHOD  

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Page 16: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

You  need  to  understand  how  to:  *  work  in  research  contexts  in  social  work  *  design  a  research  study  *  collect  data  *  be  culturally  sensitive  *  analyze  data  *  write  research  reports  and  proposals  *  conduct  evidence-­‐based  practice  *  evaluate  social  work  programs  

Skills  Needed  to  Do  Research  Studies  

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Page 17: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

THE  KNOWLEDGE-­‐LEVEL  CONTINUUM  

 

Three  Levels  of  Research:    

* Exploratory  * Descriptive  * Explanatory  

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Page 18: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

*  Become  familiar  with  the  basic  facts,  people,  and  concerns  involved  *  Develop  a  well-­‐grounded  mental  picture  of  what  is  occurring  *  Generate  many  ideas  and  develop  tentative  theories  and  conjectures  *  Determine  the  feasibility  of  doing  additional  research  studies  *  Formulate  questions  and  refine  issues  for  more  systematic  inquiry  *  Develop  techniques  and  a  sense  of  direction  for  future  research  

Exploratory  Research  Studies  

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Page 19: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* Provide  an  accurate  profile  of  a  group  * Describe  a  process,  mechanism,  or  relationship  * Give  a  verbal  or  numerical  picture  (e.g.,  percentages)  *  Find  information  to  stimulate  new  explanations  * Create  a  set  of  categories  or  classify  types  * Clarify  a  sequence,  set  of  stages,  or  steps  * Document  information  that  confirms  or  contradicts  prior  beliefs  about  a  subject  

Descriptive  Research  Studies  

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Page 20: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* Determine  the  accuracy  of  a  principle  or  theory  *  Find  out  which  competing  explanation  is  better  * Link  different  issues  or  topics  under  a  common  general  statement  * Build  and  elaborate  a  theory  so  it  becomes  more  complete  * Extend  a  theory  or  principle  into  new  areas  or  issues  * Provide  evidence  to  support  or  refute  an  explanation  

Explanatory  Research  Studies  

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Page 21: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

PURE  vs.  APPLIED  RESEARCH  STUDIES  

 PURE  

* The  goal  of  pure  research  studies  is  to  develop  theory  and  expand  the  social  work  knowledge  base.    * Produces  theoretical  results  

 APPLIED  

* The  goal  of  applied  studies  is  to  develop  solutions  for  problems  and  applications  in  practice.  * Produces  practical  results.  

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Page 22: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* Three  Major  Roles  that  Social  Workers  Can  Take:  

* Research  Consumer  -­‐  Read,  review,  listen,  learn,  apply  to  practice  

 

* Creator  and  Disseminator  of  Knowledge  -­‐  Project  investigator,  research  task  force  leader  

* Contributing  Partner  -­‐  Record  data,  research  task  force  member,  assisting  in  research  

RESEARCH  ROLES  

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Page 23: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

“If  research  is  to  be  used  to  full  advantage  to  advance  the  goals  of  social  work,  the  profession  needs  to  develop  a  climate  in  which  both  doing  and  consuming  research  are  normal  professional  activities.…  an  ability  to  carry  out  studies  at  some  level  and  the  facility  in  using  scientifically  based  knowledge  should  be  an  integral  part  of  the  skills  that  social  workers  have  and  use.”                                                  ~  (Reid  &  Smith,  1989)  

Integrating  the  Three  Research  Roles  

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Page 24: INTRODUCTION) · HOW)DO)WE)ACQUIRE)KNOWLEDGE? * Authority * Tradition) * Experience) * Intuition) * Research)Method Intuition T h e r e s e a r c h t m e t h o d Experience T

* Knowledge  is  essential  * There  are  many  ways  of  knowing,  one  of  which  is  the  research  method  * Research  can  be  approached  in  different  ways  * Research  defines  a  preferred  way  of  thinking  and  action  * Social  workers  engage  in  three  research  roles:  consumer,  contributing  partner,  and  creator/disseminator  

SUMMARY  

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