Concept of Restoration and Preservation of River Odra’s Biodiversity and Eco-system Services (BIO -

ODRA)Duška Kunštek, Ph.D. C.E., Assistant professor,

(Water Research Department, Faculty of civil engineering, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, phone: 00 385 98 359468, fax: 00 385 1 4639 238, e-mail: kduska@grad.h)

Abstract The river Odra has been heavily modified as a result of flood protection measures, its use as a watercourse for a water treatment plant and by an increased riverside population. Odra as urban source account for significant quantities of important diffuse pollutants, and is typically badly polluted with toxic metals, hydrocarbons including PAHs, and suspended matter, faecal pathogens and nutrients. The Restoration Odra concept (BIO - ODRA) engages 79 120.76 ha of Odra River Basin and it‘s the first environmental assessment of the river towards the European and international river restoration principles. Concrete restoration actions will be taken on upper reach of river Odra, i.e. from its source to the Sava-Odra Channel including Odra’s tributaries (streams Želin, Siget, Kosnica, Ribnica, Lomnica), but project engages bigger area because of the referent monitoring stations on lower reach of river Odra. Hydro-morphological, habitat and physicochemical data collection and monitoring will be done with permits by private landowners and “Hrvatske Vode”. Concrete actions which are planned will be on the State property.

The objective is to establish self-sustaining stream functions and return an ecosystem to a former natural condition. This project also aims to help create a community that is more connected to the environment, with a real appreciation of the critical role of water systems and biodiversity in their lives and lifestyles. In Croatia, we need the community to be completely up to speed and mirroring the WFD overall directions through imaginative, comprehensive and persistent education and awareness programs, and through involvement of community at every step of the way.

Keywords:River Odra, river restoration, environment, measure, monitoring

1. INTRODUCTION BIO – ODRA project area engages 79 120.76 ha of Odra River Basin. The

long term vision for the river Odra is to have fully wild river and to secure their health and productivity for all time. The aim is to ensure a variety of river dynamics, natural habitats and species while also producing greater benefits in natural goods and services for local people. This should be achieved through the

establishment of ecological management of the riverine area as well as the restoration of degraded river and floodplain areas.

The objective is to establish self-sustaining stream functions and return an ecosystem to a former natural condition. The goal is to secure a future for the river Odra and its wetlands as a healthy, productive and resilient wetland system.

Concrete restoration actions will be taken on upper reach of river Odra, i.e. from its source to the Sava-Odra Channel including Odra’s tributaries (streams Želin, Siget, Kosnica, Ribnica, Lomnica), but project engages area bigger area because of the referent monitoring stations on lower reach of river Odra. They will improve conditions for flora and fauna, and ensure high water quality in the river and surroundings system. Proper applying of vegetation for sustainable river management requires: precise calculation of water movement parameters; an understanding of channel hydraulics; and knowledge about biomass distribution and ecology of dominant plant species.

This project involves mapping and assessment ecosystems and theirs services in vicinity of river Odra. Although, EU guidelines about mapping and assessment of ecosystem and their services exist, in Croatia is lack applying them. Also, river restoration is not a novelty in EU and it is at the forefront of applied hydrologic science, but in Croatia there is no example of restored river and associated floodplains implementing ecological and biological engineering. While many projects, supported through EU programmes, have already successfully finished or are still in progress, in Croatia, river revitalization and restoration is an innovative approach of river management.

Hydro-morphological, habitat and physicochemical data collection and monitoring will be done with permits by private landowners and “Hrvatske Vode”. Concrete actions which are planned will be on the State property.

The hydromorphological monitoring and assessment will be done according to the “Meander - Guideline for Hydromorphological Monitoring and Assessment of Rivers in Croatia” which fully meets the EU Water Framework Directive requirements.

Hrvatske Vode (CV) has ample experience in flood protection, however mostly by technical (structural) measures that often adversely affect the ecological status. Experience is lacking in the assessment and mitigation of adverse effects of hydromorphological modifications and pressures on habitats and biota. To enhance sustainability, Croatia is therefore keen to develop its capacity to monitor and assess hydromorphological features in rivers and to design and implement measures in the River Basin Management Plans (RBMP’s) and Management Plans to improve the ecological status. Integrated river restoration is also seen as a promising tool to reduce hydromorphological pressures, in order to meet the objectives of the WFD, Birds, Habitat and Floods Directives.

So, in fact, dissemination of the project results will be achieved according to recommendations in „Meander - Guideline for River Restoration Plans in Croatia“

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA TARGETED BY BIO – ODRA PROJECT

River Odra is flowing through field called „Odransko polje“, parallel to the river Sava and near town Sisak flows into the river Kupa. River Odra and its floodplain ranges from 95 to 110 m altitude. The Odra is connected to the River Sava by the Sava-Odra Relief Channel (built in 1965), which serves to deliver excessive water from the Sava to prevent it from flooding upstream urban areas (especially Zagreb) and it provides transportation of burdened waters from river Sava to retention area of the Odransko polje. Sava-Odra Relief canal artificially divided the Odra River in two parts; 6 km of strongly anthropogenically affected upper reach (river source area) and more preserved middle and lower reach. The catchment area of the Odra covers 604 km2 and total length of the course is about 80 km. Due to the low slope (0.13%) the river meanders significantly. Water level of Odra is closely related to the water level of the Sava River. The largest part of its water volume is groundwater of the Sava River. Odra is the left tributary of the Kupa River and during high flows of the Sava and Kupa rivers, the Odra basin provides a retention area of about 30,000 ha along 30 km of its course. During dry periods, the Odra-Sava canal drains the basin to some extent. Thus, since 1965 the water table has dropped by 60 to 90 cm, with negative consequences for hydrology of streams in headwater area and for the ash and partly for the oak forests. Average riverbed width is about 25 - 30 m, and the maximal depth reaches 4 - 5 m.

Odra floodplain is important area for birds, among which corncrake (Crex crex) and white-tail eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) are indicators of good condition of flooded meadows and forests along the Odra River. The vegetation composition and structure is strongly determined by the flood dynamics and groundwater level correlating the lowland topography.

For the purpose of this concept, we have divided the river Odra in two main sections (Fig. 1.):

UPPER REACH is river section from its source downstream to the crossing of river and channel Sava-Odra. At this crossing is one of the main issues/problems: malfunctioning siphon. This object was intended to lead river Odra's flow beneath the channel Sava-Odra, but it was never finished.

MIDDLE and LOWER reach is the section of the river Odra from siphon downstream to the river mouth (into river Kupa).

Main issues addressed within this concept of the project are concentrated in the upper reach of the River Odra, with lesser negative effects in the middle and lower reach. Upper reach of the river is situated in the area with significant proportion of agricultural land. Floodplain along the middle and lower reach is dominated by lowland floodplain forests, especially along the right bank of the river.

Fig. 1. River Odra divided in two main sections: Upper and Lower Reach

3. BASIC IMPACTSIn the last few decades in the Odra catchment, but also in the wider area, there

was a significantly increased urbanization and settlements expansion, which represents one of the greatest pressures on the environment. At the same time, there have been significant changes in the groundwater regime in the area of the Sava alluvium, or their reduction due to increased exploitation of drinking water and lowering the water level of small and medium-sized water of river Sava. River Odra has no classical source, but is formed from groundwater, these changes have led to a reduction of flow in the river and its tributaries (Figure 2.).

It is also a major problem of the river Odra sewage and industrial wastewater, especially from nearby farms, businesses and households, whose drainage systems have not yet been adequately solved. It was also determined the deterioration of water and it is now in a lower category, primarily by the amount of organic compounds. Odra and channel Sava-Odra are moderately polluted water and belong to the second degree of solvency.

Potentially large source of pollution of surface and groundwater is nitrate leaching from manure, settlements and agricultural fields. In the lower reach, there is also a Waste water treatment plant from Sisak, which also releases the treated water into the river Odra.

Fig. 2. Drought in stream Želin during dry period (left) and pollution from wastewater treatment plant in Velika Gorica by discharge of treated

and untreated wastewater (right)

Fig. 3. Eutrophication and sedimentation caused by the “Syphon” (left) and Eutrophication impact in Stream Želin (right)

At the start of the flow of Kosnica and Ribnica, the bed is filled just in the rainy season, and during high groundwater level and water level of the river Sava. However, due to the continued trend of lowering of groundwater levels, these streams especially Kosnica, are drying up on the upstream side of its course. Very small slope and congestion of stream Želin caused water stagnation and eutrophication (Figure 3.). Due to the drought at the middle of the channel, it is assumed that the water in the end of channel and in stream Želin is backwater of river Odra.

One of the most negative impact on biodiversity is located in Poljana Čička, i.e. River Odra is interrupted by Sava – Odra Relief channel, where, through the siphon, part of the water of the river Odra engages in channel Sava – Odra (due to unfinished syphon) and part of the water leads through amelioration channel GA2, which is parallel with channel Sava – Odra. After approximately 12km from the siphon, amelioration channel GA2, again, flows into the Odra River. The siphon causes slowing the flow which causes sedimentation and eutrophication.

4. ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER REGIME IN VELIKA GORICA AND ODRANSKO POLJE

The thickness of the aquifer is on average 40 m a. s. l. on the South and according to existing knowledge, it can range up to a 100 m a. s. l. in the North, but thickness distribution is spatially poorly known. Location of piezometers and previous studies are mainly related to the water supply. Water level analyses with piezometers were made for the time period from 1988 to 2005. Groundwater quality assessment and classification based on the allowable limit values of certain groups of indicators that characterize the sources and causes of water pollution is given in (Tab. 1.) for year 2004.

Tab 1. Classification of groundwater – Velika Gorica area (Glasnik Zagrebačke županije; ISSN 1845-8602; Broj 21; Godina XI., Zagreb, 4.

listopada 2006.)VELIKA GORICA - classification of

groundwater for year 2004. 53016-VG-9

Groups of indicators Indicator Unit of Measure n Relevant value type Ratin

g

A -physical and chemical

pH value 2 7.225 Ielectro

conductivity µS/cm 2 675 II

B- oxygen balance KPK - Mn mgO2/l 2 0.35 I I

C -nutrientsammonium mgN/l 2 0 I

Initrites mgN/l 2 0 I

D - Microbiological

Number of kolif. bacteria

UK in 100mL 2 18 I

INumber of faecal bacteria in 100mL 1 0 I

Aero bacteria number 37 °C in 1mL 2 22 I

F- total metals copper µg/l 2 1 Izinc µg/l 2 0.5 I

cadmium µg/l 2 0 Ichrome µg/l 2 0.5 Inickel µg/l 2 0.5 I

lead µg/l 2 0.5 I IHydrargyrum

(Hg) µg/l 2 0 I

G - organic compounds

mineral oil µg/l 2 4.45 Iphenols mg/l 2 0 Ilindane µg/l 2 0 IppDDT µg/l 2 0 I

5. CONSERVATION / BIODIVERSITY PROBLEMS AND THREATS

The upper reach of Odra River is anthropologically highly impacted river stretch. It is exposed to water pollution due to combination of the occurrence of untreated (from 1974 -1988) and poorly treated wastewater from the town of Velika Gorica, farming, butchery and meat industry (and other point pollution sources), illegal waste water load from private houses and pollution load from intensive agriculture. Substrates for benthic communities have been markedly changed due to deposition of fine mud and sludge. According to recent stady [Filipović et al, 2013] the sludge from wastewater treatment plant in Velika Gorica is being considered as a hazardous waste and a subject of discussion regarding disposal due to high total metal concentration in sludge samples. There is no metal concentration analysis in riverbed of stream Želin and upper Odra River reach, but probaly could be real treat due to food web heavy metal accumulation. In the upper reach aquatic communities are markedly changed, i.e. limnephilic organisms prevail instead of rheophilic ones. This trend has been observed in various organisms, e.g. in macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish [Duplić et al., 2011], [Mihaljević et al., 2011], [Mihaljević unpublished data]. Thus, according to available data, the middle reach of the Odra River could be considered as a reference site.

6. PROPOSED RESTORATION TECHNIQUESRiver restoration techniques involve using only raw natural materials as river

bed stabilization or improving river bed morphology for spawning, covering river bed with specific and native plant species as water regime stabilization. By smart applying of the river restoration techniques, we can help to river Odra ecosystem to regenerate itself and to help the nature to get into a balance again by improving biological diversity. Proposed restoration techniques on BIO – ODRA are given in Tab. 2.

7. CONCLUSIONThe best way to restore the river environment of BIO – ODRA is not to

reengineer it, but for the river to restore itself through natural processes: ‘self

healing’ is best done by removing or reducing human interventions. One important issue is to restore connectivity within the hydrologic system as a base for a recovery of the biological function. New initiative for managing and restoring BIO - ODRA is interdisciplinary, integrative, and need to plan for different spatial and temporal scales and to develop sustainable flood risk management as part of an integrated and holistic approach to river Odra basin management. For the long-term sustainability of the project’s results, especially with regard to birdlife, it is essential that the wetland and meadow area are grazed.This project aims to help create a community that is more connected to the environment, with a real appreciation of the critical role of water systems and biodiversity in their lives and lifestyles. In Croatia, we need the community to be completely up to speed and mirroring the WFD overall directions through imaginative, comprehensive and persistent education and awareness programs, and through involvement of community at every step of the way.

Tab 2. Proposed restoration techniques on BIO – ODRAThreat/Problem

Description/Drivers

Location

Impact on biodiversity Proposed measures R

educ

ed st

ream

dis

char

ge in

Odr

a R

iver

hydr

olog

ical

, dro

p of

the

grou

ndw

ater

leve

l in

allu

vial

pla

in o

f the

Sav

a R

iver

Odr

a R

iver

Upp

er re

ach

- Con

side

rabl

e ch

ange

s in

aqu

atic

com

mun

ity c

ompo

sitio

n an

d st

ruct

ure:

- C

omm

uniti

es c

hara

cter

ised

by

taxa

typi

cal f

or le

ntic

hab

itats

and

stag

nant

wat

erbo

dies

(lim

neph

ilic

inst

ead

of rh

eoph

ilic)

; ben

thic

mac

roin

verte

brat

es, f

ish,

mac

roph

ytes

, phy

tobe

ntho

s - R

educ

tion

in o

vera

ll di

vers

ity s

peci

fic fo

r nat

ural

flow

ing

wat

er c

ondi

tion

(flo

ra &

faun

a)

- Cha

nges

in p

opul

atio

n de

nsiti

es a

nd fu

nctio

nal f

eedi

ng g

uild

s of a

quat

ic o

rgan

ism

s

Rev

italiz

atio

n m

easu

res r

echa

rge

Želin

stre

am (w

hich

flow

s int

o th

e O

dra

Riv

er),

refe

rs to

the

Inta

ke

stru

ctur

es o

f wat

er fr

om tw

o la

kes t

hat a

re c

lose

by

(Lak

e N

ovo

Čič

e an

d O

mla

dins

ko L

ake

and

flow

into

Žel

in.

It is

impo

rtant

to e

stab

lish

a m

onito

ring

wat

er q

ualit

y at

bot

h lo

catio

ns, i

n or

der t

o co

ntro

l the

ent

ry

pollu

tant

s in

Želin

, and

thus

the

Odr

a R

iver

. If m

onito

ring

show

s th

at w

ater

qua

lity

in la

kes

is n

ot

envi

ronm

enta

lly a

ccep

tabl

e, th

en th

e w

ater

div

ersi

on sh

ould

be

linke

d to

a m

easu

re o

f wat

er p

urifi

catio

n th

roug

h th

e R

ecip

ient

cha

nnel

est

ablis

hed

cons

truct

ion

self-

purif

icat

ion

lago

on, d

irect

ly b

ehin

d th

e di

scha

rge

from

the

treat

men

t of V

elik

a G

oric

a, c

a 1

km u

pstre

am.

If, h

owev

er m

onito

ring

show

ed sa

tisfa

ctor

y w

ater

qua

lity,

eng

agin

g w

ater

from

the

lake

wou

ld th

en b

e ap

plie

d fo

r 1 k

m d

owns

tream

of t

he tr

eatm

ent p

lant

Threat/Problem

Description/Drivers

Location

Impact on biodiversity Proposed measures W

ater

pol

lutio

n in

Odr

a R

iver

due

to

1) m

alfu

nctio

ning

and

insu

ffic

ient

cap

acity

was

te-w

ater

tre

atm

ent p

lant

in th

e ci

ty o

f Vel

ika

Gor

ica

2) o

ther

sou

rces

of p

ollu

tion

(ille

gal o

utle

ts in

to O

dra)

3)

agr

icul

ture

espe

cial

ly e

xpre

ssed

in th

e U

pper

reac

h, b

ut a

lso

pres

ent

dow

nstre

am in

the

Mid

dle

and

Low

er re

ach

- Dev

elop

men

t of t

oxic

cya

noba

cter

ia d

ue to

incr

ease

d le

vel

of p

hosp

hate

s an

d ni

trate

s fro

m w

aste

wat

er tr

eatm

ent p

lant

and

ag

ricul

ture

- D

evel

opm

ent o

f nitr

ophi

lous

and

toxi

n re

sist

ant p

lant

s - C

onsi

dera

ble

chan

ges

in a

quat

ic c

omm

unity

com

posi

tion

and

stru

ctur

e

Rev

italiz

atio

n m

easu

res o

f rem

ovin

g co

ntam

inan

ts fr

om

wat

er st

ream

s of d

evel

opin

g co

nstru

cted

l wet

land

(CW

). Th

is

self-

clea

ning

sol

utio

n is

pre

dict

ed fo

r: U

rban

Was

te W

ater

(s

mal

l set

tlem

ents

, ind

ivid

ual h

omes

, tou

rist a

nd o

rgan

ic fa

rms,

to

uris

t fac

ilitie

s, •

non-

poin

t sou

rce

pollu

tion

(urb

an,

agric

ultu

ral a

nd ro

adw

ay ru

noff

); M

etho

d is

bas

ed o

n ex

tens

ive

rese

arch

of t

he a

pplic

atio

n of

var

ious

pla

nt sp

ecie

s, sa

nd

subs

trate

s and

wat

er fl

ow m

odes

, ena

blin

g ef

ficie

nt re

mov

al o

f po

lluta

nts f

rom

wat

er th

roug

h ph

ysic

al a

nd c

hem

ical

pro

cess

es,

mic

robi

al a

ctiv

ity a

nd p

lant

upt

ake

Dep

ositi

on o

f fin

e or

gani

c pa

rtic

les i

n th

e ri

verb

ed

Hyd

rolo

gica

l (riv

er

impo

undm

ent)

and

orga

nic

pollu

tion

(was

te-w

ater

tre

atm

ent p

lant

)

uppe

r rea

ch

- Ano

xia

appe

aran

ce,

deve

lopm

ent o

f ana

erob

ic

bact

eria

in sl

udge

;- to

xic

met

al a

ccum

ulat

ion

in th

e riv

erba

d;- C

onsi

dera

ble

chan

ges i

n aq

uatic

co

mm

uniti

es d

ue to

ch

ange

s in

subs

trate

co

mpo

sitio

n

Silt

/ slu

dge

rem

oval

m

easu

re a

con

sequ

ence

of

the

disc

harg

e of

unt

reat

ed

wat

er fr

om tr

eatm

ent p

lant

s in

Vel

ika

Gor

ica

Threat/Problem

Description/Drivers

Location

Impact on biodiversity Proposed measures

Riv

er fr

agm

enta

tion

due

to

mal

func

tioni

ng si

phon

hydr

olog

ical

, unc

ompl

eted

si

phon

poin

t bet

wee

n U

pper

and

Mid

dle

reac

h - Pop

ulat

ion

frag

men

tatio

n an

d al

tera

tion

of m

igra

tion

patte

rns o

f aq

uatic

spec

ies (

fish,

aqu

atic

m

acro

inve

rtebr

ates

, aqu

atic

m

amm

als,

etc.

) - L

ower

gen

etic

div

ersi

ty in

loca

l po

pula

tions

and

app

eara

nce

of

gene

tic d

rift

Rev

italiz

atio

n m

easu

res

reco

nnec

tion

of th

e U

pper

and

M

iddl

e re

ach

of th

e riv

er O

der,

whi

ch w

ould

flow

ups

tream

par

t of

the

Riv

er O

dra

has i

ncre

ased

si

gnifi

cant

ly. S

olut

ion

reco

nnec

tion

river

bed

impl

ies

mic

rotu

nelli

ng

belo

w fl

ood

cont

rol c

hann

el S

ava

- O

dra

of a

mel

iora

tive

chan

nel G

A2

by

the

mid

dle

reac

h of

the

Odr

a.

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