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INTRODUCTION 1
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INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION
Peerumedu is ahill station in kerala located on the way to
Thekkady, about 85 km east to kottayam. This tiny hill station was at one time
the place to best the heart of Travacore Rajas. The place has some great scenery
along the tea and coffee estates with ecological beauties.
Along with the tea and coffee plantation here a few other kerala
specialities like pepper, cardamom, rubber, & eucalyptus are found here. The
entirety of Peerumedu is enveloped with fragrance that is leady and delightful
intoxicating. There are vast grass land and plantations in and around the places.
It was named after Sufi Saint Peer Mohamed, the plave attracts
tourist from accross the world.
Kuttikkanam, Thrissangu hills, Wagamon, Pine Forest are some
famous tourist destination points in Peerumedu.
The name 'medu' means hills in malayalam. The local language of
kerala which says 'Hills of Peer' as meaning of Peerumedu. Another story
behind the name is says that, the abundance of Guva trees in the hill gave the
name Peerumedu. Which evolved into Peerumedu slowly and 'pera' is the
malayalam word of Guva.
2
Even though peerumedu is not as famous as Ooty and Kodaikanal.
Lots of people arrive every day to inhale mountain fresh air. The very proximity
of periyar tiger reserve has attracted several people.
As like Ooty and kodaikanal Peerumadu is not that much famous
and not a well developed Tourist destinations. But even the domestic and
international tourist like to visit Peerumedu. This research is for the awareness
of Peerumedu as a tourist destination. As a result the topic ' A study on tourism
in Peerumedu ' has been selected for the research.
3
OBJECTIVES
4
OBJECTIVES
TO HAVE A STUDY ON THE VARIOUS TOURIST SPORTS OF PEERUMEDU.
TO ANALYZE THE AWARENESS OF TOURISTS ABOUT PEERUMEDU.
TO FIND OUT VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH ATTRACTS THE TOURISTS TO
PEERUMEDU.
TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOD VERITIES OFFERED TO
GUEST IN PEERUMEDU.
TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION &
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR THE TOURISTS.
TO FIND OUT THE DIFFICULTIES THAT FACED BY THE TOURIST WHO
VISIT THE PEERUMEDU.
TO PROVIDE SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF TOURISM IN
PEERUMEDU.
TO HAVE A STUDY OF THE VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL AFFECTING
TOURISM IN PEERUMEDU.
TO BRING OUT SOME HIDDEN DESTINATIONS IN PEERUMEDU.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. SELECTION OF AREA
The area selected for the research is Peerumadu,
because of its high tourism potential.
2. SELECTION OF SUBJECTS
The subject selected for the research are the people
living in Peerumedu, the tourists visiting the place and the
government officials as they are the people who can give relevant
informations.
3. SELECTION OF SAMPLING
Convenience sample method was used for this research.
4. METHODS USED FOR COLLECTING DATA
Both primary & secondary data's are used for the
research, Primary data was collected through questionnaires
distributed to various people who have visited the place and through
personnel interview.
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Secondary data was collected From magazines, tourist
guides & internet.
5. METHOD USED FOR ANALYSING DATA
The data collected was analyzed using percentage
method supported by charts and graphs.
6. SCOPE OF STUDY
The project will help many other peoples in boarding their horizons
and learning more about the tourism.
This project will also help in creating awareness among the local
people and especially the government who is the main source of
promoting the tourism and making adequate measures for the
comfortable and memorable arrangements for the international and
domestic tourist.
This research is also going to help the tourist to know more deeply
about the importance of tourism in Peerumedu.
7. LIMITATIONS
Data collected may not be accurate
The data is not permanent, changes may occur.
Difficulties in collecting first hand data from foreign tourist.
Suggestions vary from people to people.
8
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
9
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM IN
KERALA
10
If there is one place in the riveting diversity of India where there is
tangible beauty and a phenomenal thing like total literacy, it is in
Kerala. Kerala is a state full of good things. This small state at the
southern tip of the Indian peninsula is an easy winner owing to its
beautiful landscape, intriguing customs, high-intensity cultural life
and an educated public so often dressed in white. From Kasargode
to Thiruvananthapuram, the state in choc-a-bloc with places that
attract tourists and travellers from all over the world.
LOCATION OF KERALA IN INDIA
Kerala is situated on the southwestern tip of the Indian mainland
on the Arabian Sea. The state extends between the latitude 10°00
North and longitude 76°25 East. Kerala is bound by the Arabian
Sea on the west, Karnataka on the north and northeast, and Tamil
Nadu on the east.
According to the geographical features, the state can be divided 11
into hills and valleys, midland plains and coastal belts.
The hills of Kerala dot the Western Ghat from Ponmudi in the
south to Munnar in the centre and Sultan's Bathery in the north.
There is heavy rainfall in this region during the months between
May and November.
In the coastal belts of this state are situated world famous
backwaters that are more or less main attraction of Kerala.
BEST TIME TO VISIT TOURISM
DESTINATIONS IN KERALA
The climate of the state, as in the most of the other part of India, is
tropical. The summer comes to the state in April and continues for
the next four months. The maximum temperature during this
season is around 33°C. Monsoon touches the state in June and
remains there till September though not much difference in
temperature can be felt. Winter is from October to January and
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temperature drops bit. The weather is never too chilly in Kerala.
FACTS & FIGURES ON KERALA
Area 38,863 sq km
Religion Hindus (57.28%),
Muslims (23.32%),
Christians (19.31%)
Maximum
Temperature
33°C
Minimum
Temperature22°C
Capital Thiruvananthapuram
Languages Malayalam, English
Best time to
visitOctober to March.
HISTORY OF KERALA
The name of the state of Kerala has been taken from the word
Keralaputra (land of the sons of Cheras), as mentioned in one of
the Ashokan edicts dating back to 273-236 BC. There is not much
known about the history of this region of the period after the
Ashokan edicts, except the fact that there was extensive trading
with the Romans from this region. Chera was the first large empire
that took roots in this state, and continued to use Tamil till 7th 13
century as their administrative language. This shows the influence
and power that Tamils exerted over this region. Cheras established
a wide network of trade links not only with Indian businessmen,
but also with countries outside ranging from Sumatra to Cordoba.
The Chera power declined in the 10th century AD, after Cholas,
the rulers of Tamil Nadu, were successful in overthrowing the
dynasty.
After the decline of Cholas in the 11th century, gradually political power
in the state went into the hands of the Zamorin of Calicut. In 1496, Vasco
da Gama became the first European to find a route to India through sea and
started a long-time fight for the power in this region between the
Portuguese, British, and Dutch. This fight marginalized the local powers,
though the Zamorin made a fight back in the early 17th century when they
gained the external support from the Dutch and British in return for trading
rights from Kerala.
For a brief period in the middle of 18th century AD, Travancore,
with the help of petty kingdoms, tried to control the political
power of Kerala. Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan also tried to annex
the areas in the south of Travancore, but could not fulfil their
dream as they were attacked by the British from the east and had
to withdraw. The local chieftains in Kerala looked up to the British
to save them from the wrath of Tipu and consequently the British
took control of the forts previously held by Tipu. After Tipu's first
defeat by the British, the Seringpatnam Treaty brought all the
captured parts of Kerala directly under the British and Travancore 14
and Kochi became princely states under the British.
TOURISM ATTRACTIONS IN KERALA
The entire state of Kerala is a tourist destination and at every
corner of this state, one can experience something new. It is not
without any reason that the Keralites call their state the 'God's
Own Country'. Backwaters, historical structures, culture, wildlife,
and natural beauty, the state has all these and more.
The major tourist destinations in the state include
Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kovalam, Thrissur, Kozhikode,
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Munnar, Palakkad, Alappuzha, Kollam, Kannur, Periyar Wildlife
Sanctuary, and Sabrimalai etc.
The state has given great emphasis on eco tourism and new
experiments are being done to take tourism nearer to the general
public. In this way too, the state is a pioneer in the state.
FAIRS & FESTIVALS OF KERALA
Onam is a time for sports and festivities and in Kerala-where one
third of the area is low lying, covered with canals, lakes, and
backwaters-the people take to their boats and country crafts to
celebrate.
Colourful aquatic festivals are organized along the sacred rive
Pampa. Depending on the positioning of the stars and the moon,
the festival is held at the end of August or beginning of
September.
Christmas is another festival that is celebrated with much vigour
and enthusiasm in the state. Other important festivals of the state
are Eid, Muharram, and other festivals that are traditionally
celebrated all over the country.
HOW TO REACH TOURISM
DESTINATIONS IN KERALA
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BY AIR - There are three airports in the state-at Thiruvananthapuram,
Kochi, and Kozhikode. Thiruvananthapuram is also an international airport,
connecting the state to many places in the Middle East.
BY RAIL - There are around 200 railway stations in Kerala connecting
most of the places in the state to places in the other parts of the country and
inside the state. Long-distance express trains connect important places in
the state to places outside the state like Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, and
Calcutta.
BY ROAD - An extensive network of metalled roads connects most of the
places in the state. National highways 47, 17, and 49 connect the state with
other parts of the country.
BY WATER - Inland water navigation systems are available in
many districts. Boats are extensively used to connect many places
within the state. The state has major airports at Kochi and
Vizhinjam. The minor ports in the state are Neendakara,
Azheekkala and Beypore.
PEERUMEDU
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Peerumede Peermade also transliterated as Perumade,
Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state
of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 metres above sea
level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
The landscape of Peermade includes spectacular waterfalls, open grass
lands and pine forests. It was once the summer retreat of
the Maharajas ofTravancore. Tamil people are the most majority in
peermade .
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, one of the largest wildlife reserves in India,
is 43 km away. It has herds of elephants and other wildlife as well as
lakes.
The name is sometimes related to the Sufi saint, Peer Mohammed, or
means "hill of the Peer"
HISTORY
Kerala is truly the undiscovered India. It is God's own country and an
enchantingly beautiful, emerald-green sliver of land. It is a tropical
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paradise far from the tourist trial at the southwestern peninsular tip,
sandwiched between the tall mountains and the deep sea. Kerala is a
long stretch of enchanting greenery. The tall exotic coconut palm
dominates the landscape.
There is a persistent legend which says that Parasuram, the 6th
incarnation of Lord Vishnu, the preserver of the Hindu Trinity, stood
on a high place in the mountains, threw an axe far in to the sea, and
commanded the sea to retreat. And the land that emerged all from the
waters became Kerala, the land of plenty and prosperity.
Kerala is a 560-km long narrow stretch of land. At the widest, Kerala is
a mere 120-km from the sea to the mountains. Gracing one side of
Kerala, are the lofty mountains ranging high to kiss the sky. And on the
other side the land is washed by the blue Arabian Sea waters. The land
is covered with dense tropical forest, fertile plains, beautiful beaches,
cliffs, rocky coasts, an intricate maze of backwaters, still bays and an
astounding 44 glimmering rivers. Kerala's exotic spices have lured
foreigners to her coast from time immemorial.
Earlier, Kerala was made up of three distinct areas. Malabar as far up
the coast as Tellicherry, Cannanore and Kasargode with the tiny
pocket-handkerchief French possession of Mahe nearby (it was
returned to India in the early 1950 's and is now administratively part
of Pondicherry). This area belonged to what was once called the
Madras Presidency under the British. The middle section is formed by
the princely State of Cochin; the third comprises Travancore, another
princely State.
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Early Inhabitants of Kerala
Archaeologists believe that the first citizens of Kerala were the hunter-
gatherers, the ting Negrito people. These people still inhabit the
mountains of southern India today, consequently, they had a good
knowledge of herbal medicine and were skilled in interpreting natural
phenomena. The next race of people in Kerala were believed to be the
Austriches. The Austric people of Kerala are of the same stock as the
present-day Australian Aborigines. They were the people who laid the
foundation of Indian civilizations and introduced the cultivation of rice
and vegetables, which are still part of Kerala scene. They also
introduced snake-worship in Kerala. Traces of such worship and
ancient rites have been found among the Aboriginal tribes of Australia.
Austric features can still be seen fairly and clearly among the people of
Kerala today. Then came the Dravidians (The Mediterranean people).
Dravidian absorbed many of the beliefs of the Negrito and Austric
people, but they were strongly inclined to the worship of the Mother
Goddess in all her myriad forms: Protector, Avenger, Bestower of
wealth, wisdom and arts.
The Dravidians migrated to the southwards, carrying their civilization
with them, though leaving their considerable cultural input on their
successors, the Aryans (Indo - Iranians). But Kerala is still strongly
influenced by the Dravidian culture: urbane, cash-crop and trade
oriented, and with strong maternalistic biases. The Aryans have made a
deep impression on Kerala in late proto-historic times.
Jewish and Arabs trade's were the first to come to Kerala sailing in the
ships to set up trading stations. The Apostle of Christ, St. Thomas is
20
believed to have come to Muziris in AD 52 and established the first
church in Kerala .
Portuguese discovered the sea route to India from Europe when Vasco
DA Gama landed with his ship near Kappad in Calicut in AD 1498.
Slowly the Kerala society became a mix of people belonging to various
sects of Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The arrival of Portuguese
was followed by the Dutch, the French and finally the British.The State
of Kerala was created on the 1st of November 1956. The Keralites
celebrate this day as 'Kerala piravi' meaning the 'Birth of Kerala'
The Modern State of Kerala
The modern State of Kerala was created in 1956, when all the States in
the country were reorganized on a linguistic basis. Malayalam (a
palindrome) is the official language. Kerala is the smallest of the four
southern States, but with the highest density in population.
Keralites are proud to tell you that it has the highest literacy rate in the
country (100 percent), the lowest rate of infant mortality and the
leading female-to-male ratio (1,032 females to every 1,000 males),
significant in a country where the gender bias is marked. Kerala also
made history, when in 1957 it became the first State in the world to
democratically elect a Marxist Government. Since then it has been
ruled by various political parties from time to time and today politics
continues to dominate conversation.
21
Kerala is a land that remains isolated yet easily accessible. It is well
connected by air, sea, rail and road. It is one of the most progressive
States in terms of social welfare and physical quality of life. Kerala has
India's largest concentration of science and technology personnel.
History has helped the Keralites develop a cosmopolitan outlook too
and language is not a barrier.
KERALA IS AN ENCHANTINGLY
BEAUTIFUL
Kerala is an enchantingly beautiful emerald green land, flanked by
the Western Ghats on one side, the Arabian Sea on the other, and
strewn with rivers, lagoons, backwaters and rich vegetation in between.
For tourist, Kerala offers Nature on a platter. Sandy beaches of
Kovalam, blue Lagoons at Veli, Hill stations at Ponmudi and Munnar,
backwaters of Kollam and Alappuzha, greenland plantations in the
highranges, wildlife, high mountain peaks, picturesque valleys,
magnificent forts and intricately decorated temples - Whatever one can
ask for
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DISTRICTS
Alapuzha Kozhikode
Ernakulam Malappuram
Idukki Palakkad
Kannur Pathanamthitta
Kazargod Thrissur
Kollam Thiruvananthapuram
Kottayam Wayanad
Peerumedu : Hill station in Kerala
Peermade or Peerumade is a tiny beautiful tea plantation town, located
in the southern part of Idukki district of Kerlala in India. Peermade is a
part of the Western Ghats standing at an altitude of about 1000 Meters
23
above sea level amidst of lofty barren hills and valleys wrapped with
tea plantations. Peermade is well known for its possibilities of eco-
tourism and is a part of the big travel belt including Thekkady,
Vagamon and Munnar. The annual Paragliding festival of Kerala is
conducted at Vagamon, a town just 20 Kilometers away from
Peermade.
The name Peerumade evolved from the name of a Sufi saint Peer
Mohammad who spend his time at these hills. The word “medu” means
hill in Malayalam, the local language of Kerala which says "Hill of
Peer" as meaning of Peerumade. Another story behind the name is says
that, the abundance of Guava trees in the hills gave the name Peramedu
which evolved into Peermade slowly and Pera is the Malayalam word
for Guava.
Location of Peermadu Hill Station
Peermade is located 60 Kilometers away from Kottayam (GPS
9.590,76.522), and 35 Kms away from Thekkady (9.57,77.17) along
the Kottayam Kumily road, the new NH 220 - a very famous tourist
stretch in Kerala.
24
The route to Peermade from either sides are beautiful ghat roads cut
through the never ending tea plantations, presenting panoramic views
of beautiful hills enriched with the fragrance of spices.
Public Buses service round the clock to Peermade via NH220 from
Kottayam and Kumily. There are bus services from Munnar and
Eranakulam too to Peermade.
Cochin and Madurai Airports are almost equidistant from Peermade
(150 Kms) and the nearest Railway station is Kottayam.
History of Tea Plantation at Peerumedu
A few 100 years ago all these hills were dense forests and the clearing
of the forests to convert into tea plantations was done by the workers
from Tamilnadu under the English Men. The only indigenous people
who lived here were the tribal groups such as Malaariyans who lived a
life of primitive simplicity in harmony with the nature.
Clearing the dense forests deeply rooted inside the mountain slopes,
ruled by the cruel animals of the wild was a nightmare for the workers.
The construction of the first roads and the transport amenities to
Peermade mush have been one of the massive works undertaken in the
history of India.
The rope-ways and railway tracks laid down by the British at Peermade
which have dissolved inside the History text books when washed down
by the forces of nature.The history of Peermade is more like an
interesting adventurous story of the British men a partly the biography
of a CSI Missionary, Henry Baker.
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Peermade (Peerumedu) and Kuttikkanam - An
Introduction To the Hill Stations of Kerala
A Wild Flower At Peermade Washed By the Rain
Peermade is a small town situated on the western ghats, surrounded by
short hills wrapped in green tea plantations, saturated with fragrance of
Cardomom and Spices and is well known for its possibilities of
Tourism.
The name Peermade has evolved from the name of a Sufi saint, Peer
Mohammad. If you divide the name Peermade as Peru + Madu, it
means “Hill of Peer” (Made is Hill in Malayalam, the language of
Kerala). Peermade is sometimes known as Perumade or Pirmade or
Perumade in local dialects but we take it a s Peermade in this website.
Peermade is located to the south of Idukki a landlocked district with a
mountainous terrain, in Kerala
Even though Peermade is not as famous as Ooty and Kodaikanal, lots
of people arrive everyday to inhale the mountain fresh air. The very
proximity of Periyar Tiger Reserve has attracted several people.
26
PEERMADE TOWN
Tea Plantations Near Peermade Town
It is the famous Plantation town.It is surrounded by lofty peaks and tea
plantations.The place has a beautiful river flowing and an old bridge
over the river (A new one is used now).The water flows steeply
downwards just after the bridge.It is very beautiful to see the waterfall
from the bridge.The Altitude of the place is around 913 Meters above
sea level.The place is covered by mist almost all round the year.
There is a Head Post Office and a Bank At Peermade.There is the
office of Peermade Development Society. The place got the name from
the name of the Sufi Saint Peer Mohammad who visited here for
trading Purposes.The meaning of Peermade is hill of Peer. Peermade
Panchayat is around 114.75 Square Kilometers in area. It came to
existence in 1954,It is surrounded by Vandiperiyar Panchayat in the
east,Peruvandanam in the West and Elapara in the North. To the south
it is surrounded by Forests where there are many tribal settlements
27
Tourism Market
Its Hue and Cry every day about the alarmingly dwindling numbers of
inbound tourists to Kerala. Every other day, the department of tourism
and the policy makers come up with fascinating numbers which scare
not only the up market and hi profile resort owners; but also the lifeline
of one third of the general population in the State. Knowingly or
unknowingly, the multiplier effect of tourism has touched all walks of
life. And, one can imagine the “social impacts” when that life line is
suddenly pulled out which can cripple the entire society.
Like commodities and financial markets, tourism destinations and
tourism activities are also cyclic. Countries which thrived on single
destinations and single tourism products had paid the price for their
complacency and lack of vision. Pattaya(Thailand), the most popular
beach destination in Asia in the eighties was among the top in any
tourist’s itinerary. Pattaya offered all the four S(sun, sand, sea and sex)
required for a beach destination. The nineties saw the obvious.
Families started avoiding this destination, tourists arrival trickled
down, sudden loss of income enhanced social unrest and the impacts
robbed them more than what they earned in the previous decade. But,
Thailand is a country which always find a way out of any situation.
The provincial administration brought all the stake holders together.
They put in more ‘activities’. Go karting stadiums came up. Elephat
villages, Race Tracks, Museums, Sky Diving, Para Sailing,
Recreational Flying, marathon for tourists.. …”Pattaya, more than sea”
campaign was launched and today, Pattaya has bounced back as a 28
family destination. Thailand also expects a significant drop in foreign
tourists arrival this year. But, in Thailand, each province has something
or the other to offer and Thai people always holiday in different
provinces, proactively encouraged by the Government. This provides
much needed buffer in such bad times(Thailand is only slightly bigger
than Kerala with a population of 6 crores).
Tourism in Kerala
Kerala is not different in this trap. Ayurveda and Back Waters were the
only tourism products we had to offer. Now, there are other Indian
States which offer ayurveda for lesser price with higher quality and
service. Kerala has many touristic destinations. Unfortunately, most of
the places lack touristic activities. Paul James, a British tourist visited
Kerala recently made this comment…” Kerala, it is a place for the
senior citizens…nothing to do..” In the old days, people were able to
accumulate wealth only at the time of retirement. And, that was the
time they chose to travel. So, relaxation was the main ‘expectation’ in
their travel agenda(travel Push&Pull theory). Time has changed. Most
of the travelers now are young and they expect activities in their
destination. Increasing numbers in Wayanad and Idikki are examples.
Volvo Ocean race Stopover
Volvo Ocean Race Stop Over at Cochin makes a case in point. At a
time when tourism arrivals are dwindling alarmingly with terrorism
along with economic recession, adding salt to the wound, the Volvo 29
Stop Over rekindled some enthusiasm in the hospitality industry.
ASSTA(Adventure Sports & Sustainable Tourism Academy) with the
support of Kerala Tourism, brought in Mathieu Rounet, World Para
Motor Champion to add color for the Show and to promote adventure
sports as a tourism supplement in Kerala. According to Gopa Varma,
ASSTA Chairman, a “one stop” adventure tourism center comprising
Water sports, Aero Sports & Terrestrial sports is the need of the hour to
promote adventure tourism in Kerala. This would be financially viable
with “private public participation” as many sports loving people have
already offered to chip in if such a project could be initiated.
Our tourism policy makers and administrators are trying to save the
situation with road shows in other Indian States and abroad. Its good
and may help in the fiercely competitive market place. But, they often
forget that the real buffer to be used now is our own market place; the
fourteen districts of the Kerala State. Let the road shows target each
District. Let the government machinery promote and encourage people
to move from one place to another within the State. It’s a general
practice that one spends more while traveling and indulge in
purchasing which they would have avoided at their own place. How
many people in the southern districts have seen Dharmadom in
Kannore or Bakkel fort..? Or, how many people in the northern
districts has seen the mistic hills of Ponmudi..? This not only helps to
cushion the current turmoil; but also create the much needed service
culture(athidhi devo bhava!) among the stake holders. Tough times
never last. Lets make the best out of it.
(Gopa varma, lives in Bangkok)
30
Tourism Typologies
Mass Tourism’
‘Mass tourism’ (70% of market share today) grew rapidly in the 60s
and 70s mainly as a function of increased disposable incomes. It was
centred in North American and Western European destinations, and
some island destinations like the Caribbean. This tourism was, and is,
dominated by tour operators offering package tours to the sun, sea and
sand, and often sex too. The product was about quantity, not quality.
This product has been characterised by local income revenues being
concentrated in densely packed tourist destinations that employ
migrant labour from the hinterland and abroad. Local skills capacity
remains low, with more skilled, management jobs often being carried
out by ex patriots.
The big UK based tour operators (e.g.Thomsons, First Choice,
Airtours) that dominate the market are vertically integrated and own
whole travel and accommodation product chains creating economies of
scale that out compete small entrepreneurs on price. With the trend
away from packaged four ‘S’s and demand for ‘authentic’, individual
and varied experiences, alternative producers now abound and compete
on specialised product demand and quality.
31
With increasing disposable income in the 80s and 90s, and long haul
travel becoming affordable to Europeans and North Americans, new
destinations in the ‘South’ were made accessible. The mass tourism,
package tour model was replicated in many of these destinations
despite warnings of the ‘boom/bust’ syndrome that was affecting
destinations that competed on price alone. (Butler, 1980)
‘Ecotourism’ to ‘Sustainable Tourism’
The growing awareness of environmental and conservation damage
caused by tourism, in conjunction with the Rio Summit establishing the
triple bottom line of environmental, economic and social sustainability,
saw development of new forms of tourism evolved in response to this
more sensitive international climate. Green tourism, adventure tourism,
nature tourism, community-based tourism, heritage tourism are all
labels that are generally encapsulated in the term ‘ecotourism’ that this
paper uses to describe as alternative forms of tourism to mass tourism.
These products’ market share is estimated at approximately 30%.
While these products do bring development to more remote regions,
and hence poorer areas, it is not proven that they generate less damage
and provide more benefits than mass tourism.
32
‘Sustainable tourism development’ has been defined as tourism that
“maximises the potential of tourism for eradicating poverty by
developing appropriate strategies in co-operation with all major groups,
indigenous and local communities”, (UN Commission on Sustainable
Development, 1999). This definition builds on, and goes beyond the
WCED, 1987 definition of sustainable development: “development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED, Our Common
Future, 1987).
Ecotourism does not necessarily mean sustainable tourism. Rather, it is
a term that is often used by operators as a marketing tool to promote a
product that is perhaps based in a pristine, rural setting, or an authentic
cultural environment. It does not mean that the product is sustainable in
terms of its impact on local community livelihoods and resources. At
the centre of the PPT approach is putting poor people and poverty at
the centre of the sustainability debate.
However, it is the earlier, environmental definitions of sustainable
development that have now been embraced by the global travel and
tourism industry. Their responsibilities to this definition are largely
targeted at environmental initiatives – e.g. waste and rubbish disposal
and water conservation. Addressing the socio-economic issues of
tourism development has only been found in the domain of NGO
backed community tourism projects.
33
Responsible tourism
A final recent distinction needs to be made between ‘responsible’ and
‘sustainable’ tourism. The current debate on ‘sustainable tourism’
would, some argue (e.g. WWF UK), make “sustainable tourism an
unachievable ideal, not least because of the significant contribution that
air travel makes to climate changes.” The statement continues, “ it is
therefore more useful to think about ‘responsible tourism’ within the
context of a wider sustainable development strategy.”1
For these applications guidance notes we are discussing IA in tourism
enterprise intervention in terms of all of the above definitions set out in
Section 1.4, although now, most tourism enterprise level intervention
does come under the label of ‘sustainable development’ whether rural
or urban, macro or micro.
Measurement: the existing situation
Developing methodologies for assessing the positive and negative
impacts of tourism on communities in developing countries in terms of
poverty reduction are recent, and still in the process of being tested.
Sections 2 and 3 analyse these methodologies in relation to the tools
used and their relevance to the practice of Impact Assessment (IA) in
1
34
the wider international development context today. Here, we want to
conclude Section 1 by explaining some methods used to date for IA.
Tourism Accounting
Conventional accounting measures countries’ economies – GDP,
employment, capital formation, tax revenue etc. – and is achieved
using an internationally agreed System of National Accounting (SNA).
This system identifies all the elements of supply and demand within
specific industries, but not tourism.
Instead, a new international standard for Travel and Tourism Satellite
Accounting (TSA) has been adopted by the World Tourism
Organisation (WTO), and is operationalized by the World Travel &
Tourism Council. “The TSA is based on a “demand-side” concept of
economic activity (i.e. the economic activities of visitors and travel
companies), because tourism does not produce a homogenous product
or service like traditional industries (agriculture, electronics, steel, etc.)
Instead it is a collection of products (durables and nondurables,
consumer and capital) and services (activities)...” (WTTC, 2000).
Economic Impact
The economic impact of tourism has been measured in terms of direct,
indirect and induced effects using the quantitative tools of cost-benefit
analysis, social cost-benefit analysis and the multiplier effect.
35
1. Direct effects arise out of currency inflows from foreign visitor
expenditure in a host country, and outflows coming from expenditure
abroad by residents. These are recorded by banks and businesses and
can be measured. This will often include a tourism tax that is paid to
either the local or national authorities, but not always reinvested in the
local economy. This also includes those incomes that are directly
affected by tourism and associated services.
2. Indirect effects arise as the direct expenditure is spent in other
sectors of the economy. This is both what the tourist spends in other
sectors while on holiday or business, and what those who are employed
directly in tourism services, or associated services (transport, crafts)
spend in other sectors.
3. Induced effects come from investment opportunities stimulated by
tourism – e.g. land purchase for development, or industry linked to
tourism e.g. sheepskin products in New Zealand and Australia.
However, it is wrong to assume that there is a perfect correlation
between the income generating effects of tourism and the creation of
jobs. Aggregate figures can hide a variety of structural characteristics
of tourism employment: the ratio of full to part-time employment;
manual to skilled workers; female to male employees; ex-patriot to
ethnic minority or indigenous workers.
Linkages and leakages have been identified in the debate above (1.2),
and are important for assessment of sustainable enterprise tourism
interventions. Potential backward linkages to suppliers to the tourism
36
product – e.g. food and equipment – are often displaced by imports
providing the ‘home comforts’ many tourists expect on holiday. These
are a net loss to benefits for local communities. Linkages to
infrastructure – roads, sewage, waste disposal, electricity, clean piped
water – may be constructed to supply the tourists only, excluding local
people’s needs, often causing antagonism to tourism development,
perhaps further aggravated by unacceptable social and cultural impacts
caused by tourism.
In addition, there is the economic impact of inflation caused by the
success of a tourism destination pushing up land and property prices,
excluding many local people from ownership. Ownership, and/or
management of local natural resources by local communities is an
essential plank of making tourism sustainable. (See Section 2)
Environmental Impact
Coming from the conservationist and environmental trend of
sustainability practised in Agenda 21, Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) is now a well-used tool, insisted on by public
planning and development authorities to prevent environmental
deterioration at both national and local levels. EIA is part of the
anticipatory toolkit, that should demonstrate that a development would
be environmentally responsible and sustain the destination’s primary
tourism resources. Only then should planning permission be given. 37
Another important technique, with the same goal of achieving
sustainability, used in the private sector is ‘environmental auditing’:
“a management tool providing a systematic, regular and objective
evaluation of the environmental performance of the organisation, its
plant, building, processes and products”.2 As such, this technique has
been used to improve the day to day environmental practices of the
travel and tourism industry. (See The International Hotels Environment
Initiatives (IHEI) in Section 4)
However, signatories to the IHEI Charter are first class hotels with the
financial and human resource capacity to deliver on more efficient use
of natural and energy resources. Small and medium sized companies do
not have the equivalent capacities, and less developed countries do not
have the institutional capacity to enforce the use of such techniques in
planning and managing tourism development.
The calculation of ‘carrying capacities’ is a method of assessing
environmental impact and sustainability. Different types of calculation
can be made, applying different concepts.
2
38
be environmentally responsible and sustain the destination’s primary
tourism resources. Only then should planning permission be given.
Another important technique, with the same goal of achieving
sustainability, used in the private sector is ‘environmental auditing’:
“a management tool providing a systematic, regular and objective
evaluation of the environmental performance of the organisation, its
plant, building, processes and products”.3 As such, this technique has
been used to improve the day to day environmental practices of the
travel and tourism industry. (See The International Hotels Environment
Initiatives (IHEI) in Section 4)
However, signatories to the IHEI Charter are first class hotels with the
financial and human resource capacity to deliver on more efficient use
of natural and energy resources. Small and medium sized companies do
not have the equivalent capacities, and less developed countries do not
have the institutional capacity to enforce the use of such techniques in
planning and managing tourism development.
The calculation of ‘carrying capacities’ is a method of assessing
environmental impact and sustainability. Different types of calculation
can be made, applying different concepts.
3
39
be environmentally responsible and sustain the destination’s primary
tourism resources. Only then should planning permission be given.
Another important technique, with the same goal of achieving
sustainability, used in the private sector is ‘environmental auditing’:
“a management tool providing a systematic, regular and objective
evaluation of the environmental performance of the organisation, its
plant, building, processes and products”.4 As such, this technique has
been used to improve the day to day environmental practices of the
travel and tourism industry. (See The International Hotels Environment
Initiatives (IHEI) in Section 4)
However, signatories to the IHEI Charter are first class hotels with the
financial and human resource capacity to deliver on more efficient use
of natural and energy resources. Small and medium sized companies do
not have the equivalent capacities, and less developed countries do not
have the institutional capacity to enforce the use of such techniques in
planning and managing tourism development.
4
40
The calculation of ‘carrying capacities’ is a method of assessing
environmental impact and sustainability. Different types of calculation
can be made, applying different concepts.
Box 1: A checklist for sustainability in tourism development
interventions, and some tools used in assessing or measuring
various aspects of sustainable tourism.
1. Area Protection
5. Carrying Capacity
calculations
Varying categories of status of protected areas:
- physical carrying capacity
- National parks - ecological
41
carrying capacity
- Wildlife refuges/reserves - social
carrying capacity
- Biosphere reserves -
environmental carrying capacity
- Country parks - real
carrying capacity
- Biological reserves - effective or
permissible carrying
- Areas of outstanding natural beauty
capacity
- Sites of special scientific interest -
limits of acceptable change
2. Industry regulation
6. Consultation/participation
- Government legislation - meetings
- Professional association regulations -
public attitude surveys
- International regulation &control -
stated preference surveys
- Voluntary self-regulation - contingent
valuation method
- the Delphi technique
42
3. Visitor management techniques
7. Codes of Conduct
- Zoning - for the
tourist
- Honeypots - for the
industry
- Visitor dispersion - for the host
governments &
- Channelled visitor flows host
communities
- Restricted entry
- Vehicle restriction
- Differential pricing structures 8.
Sustainability Indicators
- resource use
- waste
4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- pollution
- Overlays - local
production
- Matrices - access to
basic human needs
- Mathematical models - access to
facilities
- Cost-benefit analysis - freedom
from violence and oppression
- The materials balance sheet -
43
access to decision-making processes
- The planning balance sheet -
diversity of natural and cultural life
- Rapid rural appraisal (RRA)
- Geographic information system (GIS)
- Environmental auditing
Source: Mowforth and Munt, 1998, p116
Livelihoods Impact
The DFID Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) 5 offers a
methodology that, when adapted to tourism enterprise intervention
assessment, allows for a deeper analysis of the interconnection of
economic, environmental, social, cultural and political factors
involved. The importance of this approach is its assessment of non-
cash assets – i.e. social, natural, physical and human capital resources –
that can reduce livelihood risks, and increase the capacity of livelihood
coping strategies.
At present the SLF used in tourism IA is largely focused at a micro
level, often at one enterprise, or a cluster of enterprises. Research work
is underway to ‘scale-up’ the approach to incorporate a meso and
macro approach.6 There is a recognition that enterprise development
5
6
44
needs to go beyond classic community/NGO approaches to strategies
that develop markets, mindsets, and up-stream/downstream linkages.
Despite the apparent objective and scientific nature of these techniques,
the question of who decides what is to be assessed, how and by whom,
and for whom is central to good impact assessment in tourism
enterprise interventions, as in other sectors.
The final part of this section’s overview, takes a look at the general
donor position to date with regard to tourism intervention.
Pushing the ‘envelope’ on tourism intervention and its impact on
poverty reduction
Donor, NGO, Research and Private sector tourism intervention
With the development of qualitative and participatory IA methods,
issues of institutional development, cross-sector partnership, livelihood
needs and priorities have become central to modern IA of ED
interventions in tourism. The international development community is
now beginning to be concerned with the nature of sustainable tourism
development and whether it might enhance pro poor economic growth.
45
The donor research for the DFID Report, 1999, “Sustainable Tourism
and Poverty Elimination Study”, identified each donor’s overall
approach to tourism, and then whether the type of intervention relevant
to poverty reduction is primarily driven by poverty objectives or not. In
assessing what counts as ‘pro-poor’ the report focuses on interventions
that appear to ‘tilt the tourism cake’.
The authors of the report argue these PPT strategies could be activated
at grassroots, national and international policy levels. (p13 & Appendix
VII) However, this approach does not negate, and in fact
acknowledges, but does not assess other forms of tourism development
that are equally important to growth and poverty reduction. What lies
at the centre of macroeconomic strategies and is the focus of their
impact are national GDP, foreign exchange data, and maybe aggregate
employment. In this way, donor interventions have mirrored the
historical trends of tourism development that have traditionally focused
on macroeconomic objectives to programme and project aid involving
‘green’ and cultural micro tourism interventions. In particular, the
failure of the top-down, preservationist approach to wildlife to ‘pay its
way’ and for local communities to be involved in conservation has led
to the support of nature based tourism in and around protected areas as
a mechanism for bio-diversity conservation. This has generated more
interest in community-based tourism, often as a component of
community-based natural resource management (CBNRM).
46
Few donors have specific tourism programmes and projects. More
often, donors have tourism as part of other programmes (e.g. rural
development, infrastructure, and conservation) or project development
(e.g. micro-enterprise). Appendix VII of the 1999 DFID Report
indicates the enormous diversity in the rationale for, and the type of,
donor tourism interventions in tourism. The interventions are broadly
categorised under the following objectives: economic growth,
employment, cultural heritage (including protection); conservation,
greening the industry; sector planning; product development;
broadening the benefits of growth; and rural development.
Some donors - UNDP, EU, FINNIDA and DBSA - have used tourism
enterprise intervention to encourage tourism per se, or to be part of a
sustainable development strategy that offers alternative economic
opportunities to countries in transition to market economies. Criticism
of tourism intervention as a tool for poverty alleviation has argued that
tourism does not compete as well as other sectors (agriculture, primary
health and education). Also, that tourism interventions are not
implemented well.
The 1999 DFID report found that most interventions are taking place at
a local or policy level, but with little attention paid to the need for
linkages between the local, micro and macro level. Even less has been
done at an international level – especially in terms of working with
47
business and consumers. This work has been carried out by NGOs. In
the UK, Tourism Concern and Voluntary Service Overseas have
focused on Fair Trade in Tourism.
Although formal evaluations are limited, donors reported lessons
learned to the 1999 DFID Study. Key ingredients for successful
tourism interventions have included:
a coherent policy framework in the recipient country;
proper planning; accurate sector analysis;
private sector involvement;
local community involvement;
involvement of a range of government stakeholders;
an on-going dialogue between all stakeholders;
a clear donor strategy.
New Initiatives are being undertaken and are briefly described in
Section 4.
Section 2: Tourism Enterprise Intervention: The process of Impact
Assessment.
The Framework
48
In Section 1 we referred to the overall global size of the travel and
tourism industry, its international structure and the complex nature of
its product and product delivery. Section 1.5 covered the existing
measurement situation. These tools are used in macro, small and
medium enterprise (SME), and micro-enterprise (ME) interventions. In
this section we want to present a deeper set of IA tools that allow us to
understand just how much impact tourism enterprise intervention is
having on poverty elimination, the core reason for DFID’s support of
tourism enterprise intervention at this time.
Before that, however, the EDA should make sure to cross reference
this analysis with the EDIAIS Core Text and Tool Box, particularly
the analysis of quantitative, qualitative, participatory and stakeholder
analysis techniques.
Macroeconomic IA also needs another mention in this part of the
paper, as the EDA may well be asked to evaluate a tourism, or
sustainable tourism strategy in the context of other national economic
and social strategies. (See Section 3). What to assess at this level will
again depend on what is to be assessed and for whom the assessment
is. 7What indicators do you need to look for with regard to the impact
of tourism development on poverty reduction?
Some key areas to assess and questions to ask are:
7
49
Rate of growth – difficult to assess tourism as a separate sector
when not in the national accounts, but those countries using the TSA
will provide statistics. Tourism receipts (Foreign Exchange), number of
arrivals, and number of overnight stays are mostly available at a
national level and indicate the volume of tourism traffic and aggregate
income. But, the leakages (imports) are not and must be accounted for
to gain the real story of tourism’s impact on a country’s GDP.
How well is the production of tourism linked to other sectors and
economic activities – agriculture, services, wildlife conservation – and
what impact does it have on their rate of growth?
What employment – formal, informal, full, part-time, male, female is
being generated by tourism?
Growth poles – does the tourism strategy, enterprise(s)/
entrepreneur(s) have the actual or potential capacity (human,
institutional, physical, social, political and natural), to grow over the
long-term? Does the strategy have the potential to be a dynamic and
inclusive process? Does tourism have a comparative advantage over
other sectors and can tourism drive growth in other sectors? If a small
island economy, what is the regional profile, co-operation and
institutional structure, and what particular comparative advantage does
the island have within the region?
What policy context is the strategy expected to operate in?
International strategies and targets? National strategies – PRSP and
MTEF? Does tourism contribute to the MTEF? How much, and how is
it shown to relate to other sectors in the MTEF?50
Infrastructure – physical and institutional.
Is physical infrastructure (roads, airports, sewage and waste
disposal, clean water pipes) built for tourism and as a consequence
benefits local people or not, or is it built for local people, and also
benefits tourism development?
Is there adequate institutional infrastructure?
Formal institutions – Tourist Board, Tourism industry associations,
available and affordable credit (micro credit schemes, low interest
rates), enterprise support services (market information, marketing
training)
Informal networks – national and local tourism groups
The missing area of analysis in assessing tourism impact is at the
intermediate level, the regional assessment. Many countries experience
tourism concentrated in one or more topographical areas – the coast,
mountains, tropical forest, wildlife. For example, Kenya has a coastal
product and wildlife product. The ‘destination’ is one element in a
regional level assessment. Techniques need to be developed to make
assessments at this level.8
8
51
The methodology referred to for SME and ME intervention in this
section is from Caroline Ashley’s9 work: “Handbook for Assessing the
Economic and Livelihood Impacts of Wildlife Enterprise”. Ashley
advises that “the most important part of good impact assessment is the
analysis, which depends on the individual not on the handbook”.
Through the practice of this draft methodology in the field, those
implementing it emphasise the need to “stay fixed on the purpose,
adapt the means of getting there” (p.9). For our purposes, we are
adapting the focus of the Ashley methodology10 to apply to a wider
application of tourism enterprise interventions. We have incorporated
‘good practice’ from an on-going project in community based tourism
in Uganda: “Linking Communities in to the Tourism Market in
Uganda”, known as Heritage Trails Uganda (HTU). The project is
being managed by a UK based NGO, Action for Conservation through
Tourism (ACT), in partnership with Uganda Community Tourism
Association (UCOTA) and the Kabaka Foundation.11
Deciding what issues need to be assessed is fundamental. This will
determine what information is needed, and how it to be gathered and
analysed. The answer depends on the purpose of the assessment.
(Handbook, pp.10-12) Our purpose is to gain an overall picture of the
long-term impact and sustainability of the enterprise. Key issues to
explore and analyse are required at three levels:
Enterprise level: commercial performance
9
10
11
52
Local residents: positive and negative impacts, financial and non-
financial impacts, on participants and non-participants
External stakeholders: NGOs, government institutions, private
sector.
Eight key questions are asked:
1. Who are the stakeholders in the enterprise?
2. Is the enterprise commercially viable?
3. What are the financial impacts for local participants?
4. What are the livelihood impacts for local participants?
5. What are the impacts on non-participating local residents?
6. What are the impacts of – and on – governmental authorities,
NGOs, private sector, neighbours, and any other external stakeholders?
7. What is the overall development impact?
8. (And where appropriate) What is the likely contribution of the
enterprise to conservation?
The ‘Handbook’ develops, in detail, each of these questions
(‘methodology scope’), analysing the reason for the question, how to
answer it, with what tools – quantitative, qualitative and participatory.
It is an invaluable toolkit for any ED. For the purpose of this paper, and
reasons of length, we have highlighted the stakeholder analysis that is
the fundamental cornerstone of any IA of a tourism enterprise.
53
Checklist of stakeholders that can be involved
in a tourism destination
UK Stakeholders in destinations Indigenous
Stakeholders
tour operators reps - local,
district, national government
handling agents (planning &
development, utilities)
international hotel groups - existing SME
& ME (lodges, crafts, food)
transport (air, boat, road) -
infrastructure/utilities/ public services
(transport, water, hospitals, telecommunications)
Consulate/DFID - NGOs, CBOs
investors - investors
international associations - local hotel,
restaurant associations
NGOs - communities
- cultural and environmental centres
54
Stakeholder Analysis
A stakeholder analysis is always part of a tourism IA. Each enterprise
intervention will involve a different, but wide number of stakeholders
because of the diverse nature of the tourism product and its supply and
demand in each location. The box above shows an
international/national dichotomy, but it could equally be divided
between local residents and external stakeholders (individuals,
institutions, organisations) within a national context. This will depend
on the size of intervention by the donor or NGO. Local residents can
in turn be divided into participants and non-participants. Specific
interest groups can be distinguished by their:
degree of involvement in the tourism activity;
type of involvement
role in decision-making
influence on the enterprise.
It is also important to distinguish between people according to their
livelihood needs/strategies, not just their involvement. In almost every
case, residents will have different stakes according to:
gender
socio-economic status (rich, secure, poor)
location
55
Without stakeholder analysis there is a risk that enterprise impacts will
only be assessed for a single group – ‘project beneficiaries’. The
analysis needs to be conducted so that we understand how tourism
enterprise intervention can best maximise positive outcomes while
minimising negative outcomes for a community – e.g. an integrated
local economy, supply linkages, reduction of leakages. Assessments
need to include:
assessment of differing interests and impacts among sub-groups of
‘beneficiaries’ e.g. women and men
assessment of impacts on all groups, not just intended beneficiaries
putting the beneficiaries in the context of the wider community,
and recognising its heterogeneity
assessment of those with substantial influence over the project
assessment of distributional issues: how costs and benefits are
distributed across and within different stakeholder groups
identification of trade-offs between stakeholder groups.12
It would be impossible to assess every single impact of the enterprise
by every possible sub-category of stakeholder. It is therefore, important
to identify the main categories to use, and only use others when
relevant.
There are three main steps in identification:
12
56
1. Identify the main stakeholder groups and their interests
2. Identify who is in those groups, and in addition
3. Assess how people are affected and involved according to their
stakeholder group as part of the IA analysis
For Step 1, useful tools are:
Secondary literature and written records
macroeconomic data - medium term economic plan showing sector
budget allocation, employment and unemployment in national tourism
sector & related sectors in tourism location, tourism statistics (arrivals,
receipts, length of stay, location)
Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS), Comprehensive Development
Framework (CDF), National Sustainable Development Strategy (nssd)
national and local tourism strategies
tourist boards – marketing strategies
tourism development planning regulations
relevant NGO/CBO documentation
existing local socio-economic profile
existing tourism and development initiatives
national and local tourism NG/CBO and trade associations – types
of tourism intervention
Primary Data
57
visitor numbers (overall, & then domestic and foreign, school
children, religious, health, other)
local tourism receipts (method of collection and analysis)
number, nature and size of tourism enterprises
entrance fees to sites, tourist tax (if collected are they reinvested
locally?)
Project records – feasibility study, project header sheet (PIMS,
POM, PAM), Concept Note, baseline survey, benchmark criteria,
reports, project staff. What is required will be determined by the stage
in the Project Cycle at which the IA is being carried out.
Key informants
local professionals
local authorities
tourism associations
community based organisations
local politicians.
If tourism planning and regulation is not decentralised – i.e. on
small Caribbean & Pacific islands, some informants will be found at a
national level.
Observation – tourism resources – natural, physical, human and
social capital
environmental degradation levels - waste & rubbish disposal
water - clean, piped
58
transport - private bus or car, public, by foot, by bike, taxi
road network & road surface
service infrastructure – buildings (museum, cultural
centre),facilities (toilets/pit latrines), medical
capacity - skills levels in accommodation & guiding or rangers,
quality of food & entertainment outlets, information (leaflets)
social relationships among providers – consensus/conflict
other livelihood resources – agriculture, livestock, minerals, raw
materials.
Informal discussion – cafes, shops, restaurants, roadside, beach.
Consultation – call a public meeting preferably where local
residents tend to meet up, but be aware, women in many cultures will
be excluded from these venues, and you will probably need to organise
a consultation separately through a women’s organisation or activity –
e.g. health care, school or craft traders.
Much of the information gathered in Step One constitutes ‘baseline
survey’ material for a tourism enterprise IA that can be measured
against in terms of the agreed logframe a project is working to. If no
logframe is operational, stakeholders, through a participatory forum,
can decide on their own indicators for measurement – i.e. what tourism
services they would like to develop, what difficulties stand in their
way, and strategies to overcome the difficulties.
59
Box 3: Difficulties in Providing Tourism Services
and Facilities – the Challenge
Lack of:
finance No electricity
tourists No market to sell goods
training Too little publicity and
marketing
transport Inadequate roads
labour land ownership
language skills land disputes
co-operation/organisation Little interest from
authorities
land/space
Source: ACT, Heritage Trails Uganda, 2001
60
Accent on Institutional Development – the role
of stakeholder analysis
Stakeholder group formation, and the interrelationship of those groups
is important to successful sustainable tourism enterprise intervention
because it provides the foundation for developing and increasing
institutional capacity both at a local and national level. The HTU
project, and other PPT project analyses identify the absence of
institutional development as a weakness, and the need for it as a key
focus for successful pro-poor tourism enterprise intervention.
61
DATA ANALYSIS
62
DATA ANALYSIS
Table: 1
No of time visit Peerumedu
Frequency First time 1-3 times More
than 3
times
Percentage 24 32 44
From the above table it is clear that:- 24% of people first
time visit Peerumedu, 32% of people visited 1 - 3 times
and 44% people visited more than 3 tines.
63
No of time visit Peerumedu
First time 1-3 times More than 3 times0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
64
Table : 2
People were aware of these places.
Frequenc
y
Peerumed
u
Wagamo
n
Parunthumpa
ra
Elappar
a
All
of
thes
e
Percentag
e
10 40 20 10 20
From the above table, it is clear that 40% of people
aware of Wagamon , 20% of people aware of
parunthumpara, 20% of people aware of all the place that
in the table, 10% of people aware of Peerumedu and
another 10% of people aware of Elappara
65
People were aware of these places.
Peerumedu Wagamon Parunthumpara Elappara All of these0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
66
Table: 3
Come to know about Peerumedu.
Frequenc
y
Advertiseme
nt
Tour
operators
Travel
agents
Friends &
relatives
Percenta
ge
16 20 12 52
From the above table it is clear that 16% people came to
know Peerumedu by Advertisement 20% people came to
know Peerumedu by Tour operators 12% people came to
know Peerumedu by Travel agents 52% people came to
know Peerumedu by Friends & relatives
67
Come to know about Peerumedu.
Advertisement Tour operators Travel agents Feiends & Relatives0
10
20
30
40
50
60
68
Table : 4
Tourist places Visited
From the above table it is clear that 30% people visited Green
mountain, 25% people visited Suicide point, 12% people visited
Tea garden, 10% people visited Spice garden, 8% people
visited Kurizhumala, 15% people visited All these tourist
destinations around Peerumedu
69
Frequenc
y
Green
mountai
n
Suicid
e
point
Tea
Garden
Spice
garde
n
kurizhumal
a
All
the
abov
e
Percenta
ge
30 25 12 10 8 15
Tourist places Visited
70
Green moun-tain
Suicide point Tea Garden Spice garden kurizhumala All the above0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percentage
Percentage
Table:5
Accommodation prefer in Peerumedu
Frequency Economy
type
Luxury type Budget type
Percentage 52 24 24
From the above table it is seen that 52% people
prefer Economy type accommodation, 24% people
prefer Luxury type accommodation, 24% people prefer
Budget type accommodation
71
Accommodation prefer in Peerumedu
Economy type Luxury type Budget type0
10
20
30
40
50
60
72
Table : 6
Difficulties finding an accommodations
Frequenc
y
Yes No
Percenta
ge
60 40
From the above table it is clear that 60% people feels
difficulties in finding an accommodation in
Peerumedu40% people not feels difficulties in finding an
accommodation in Peerumedu
73
Difficulties finding an accommodations
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
74
Table: 7
Mode of travel in the around places in Peerumedu.
Frequenc Own
vehicle
Rented
vehicle
Public
vehicle
Other
vehicle
Percenta
ge
40 36 16 8
From the above table, it is understable that 40% people
use their own vehicle to travel in and around Peerumedu,
36% people use Rented vehicle, 16% people use Public
vehicle, 8% people use Other vehicle
75
Mode of travel in the around places in Peerumedu.
Own vehicle Rented vehicle Piblic vehicle Other vehicle0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Table: 8
76
Road Maintenance
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 36 64
From the above table it is clear that 36% people says
roads are well maintained, 64% people says roads are not
well maintained
77
Road Maintenance
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Table : 9
78
Measures taken in Suicide point.
Frequenc
y
Good Bad Average
Percenta
ge
20 36 44
From the above it is seen that 20% people says
measures taken in suicide point is good, 36% people
says it is bad, 44% people says measure taken in suicide
point is average
79
Measures taken in Suicide point.
Good Bad Average0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Table: 10
80
Pine tree garden Maintenance.
Frequenc
y
Good Bad Average
Percenta
ge
60 16 24
From the above table it is seen that 60% people says Pine
tree garden in well maintained, 16% people says it is bad,
24% people says it is maintained average
81
Pine tree garden Maintenance.
Good Bad Average0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Table: 11
82
Done any shoping.
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 72 28
From the above table it is clear that, 72% people made
shopping in Peerumedu, 28% people didn't made shopping
Done any shoping.
83
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Table:12
Govt is taking activities for eco-friendlines
84
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 60 40
The table indicates that 60% peoples says Govt taking for
eco-friendlines, 40% peoples says Govt not taking eco-
friendlines
Govt is taking activities for eco-friendlines
85
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Table: 13
Waste is properly disposed.
86
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 52 48
From the above table it is clear that 52% peoples says
waste is properly disposed, 48% peoples says waste is
not properly disposed
Waste is properly disposed.
87
Yes No46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Table:14
Were their proper litter bins in & around Peerumedu.
88
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 40 60
From the above table, it is clear that 40% peoples says
there were proper litter bins in & around Peerumedu, 60%
people says no litter bins in & around Peerumedu
89
Were their proper litter bins in & around Peerumedu.
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Table:15
Drawback for the tourism at Peerumedu.
Frequenc Litters Accessibilit Govt Environme90
y y policy nt
Percenta
ge
24 36 28 12
From the above table it is clear that 24% people says the
drawback for tourism in Peerumedu is Litters, 36% peoples
says that is accessibility, other 28% peoples says Govt
policies, Balance 12% peoples says Environment
Drawback for the tourism at Peerumedu.
91
Litters Accessibility Govt policy Envoiornment0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Table: 16
Satisfaction in selecting Peerumedu as a tourist
destination.
92
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 72 28
From the above table it is seen that 72% peoples satisfied
by selecting Peerumedu as their tourist destination, But
28% peoples were not satisfied
Satisfaction in selecting Peerumedu as a tourist
destination.
93
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Table:17
Like to visit Peerumedu again.
94
Frequency Yes No
Percentage 80 20
From the above table it is clear that 80% peoples like to
visit Peerumedu again, 20% peoples are not like to visit
Peerumedu again
Like to visit Peerumedu again.
95
Yes No0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
96
SUGGESSTIONS
SUGGESSTIONS
97
The local police can play prominent role in enforcing safety measures
at the suicide point
KTDC should work actively promoting the tourism in Peerumedu
DTPC should take necessary steps to promote economic type
accommodations at Peerumedu
DTPC should also take care about the maintenance of roads in
Peerumedu
Govt should take necessary activities for eco-friendlines
98
SUMMARY
&
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
From this research we can understand the most of the tourist more than 3
times visit the Peerumedu & only few of the tourist visit the 1st
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time.Most of the touris aware of Wagamon (a tourist destination of
Peerumedu).And it is the place which more beautiful and have a natural
attraction to the tourists. The tourists came to know about Peerumedu
mostly by Friends & relatives. Only few were came to Peerumedu with
the help of tour operators and Travel agents.Green mountain is a special
place near peerumedu. One how visit the Peerumedu will not return with
out see this green mountains. There are 14 mountains at this place.
Mostly economic type accommodation needs the tourists , only very few
tourists need luxury type accommodation in Peerumedu. From this
research we can understand in Peerumedu most of the tourist feels
difficulty to find accommodation facilities in Peerumedu.
From this research, it is clear that most of the tourist use their own
vehicles to travel around the Peerumedu. Rented vehicle also have a
main role in Peerumedu. Because foreigners didn't have their own
vehicles. Most of the tourist grade that the roads around the Peerumedu
is not well maintained. This reseach shows the measure taken in the
suicide point is not good.The KTDC should take care for this problem.
Pine tree garden is a main tourist destination in Peerumedu and it is
maintained well by the DTDC is well activate for this. The price of the
itmes that from this area is very high. The govt taking activities for eco-
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friendliness Half of the tourist agreed that the waste is properly disposed
in this area.But their is the number of litter bins is very less. Most of the
tourists opinion is the main drawback for tourism in this tourist
destination is litters. Most of the tourist satisfied with selecting
Peerumedu as their tourist destination. Only few were not satisfied.
Except few tourist most of them like to visit again Peerumedu.
CONCLUSION
Peerumedu lies at an altitude of 915 meter above sea level. The Hill
resort of Peerumedu lies 85km east of Kottayam and lies in the
Western Ghats.
Peerumedu is a beautiful hill station, that looks even more beautiful,
thanks to lots of coffee, tea, coconut and rubber plantations.
On your tour of Peerumedu, you can tour two famous tea factories,
which are in Pattumala and see how tealeaves are processed. While you
are at Pattumala you can also visit the Velamkany Matha Church and
the flower garden
101
ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE102
Name of the Tourist :
Age : Below 25 26-30 31-35 36-40
Above 40
Nationality :
1) How many times have you visited peerumedu?
First time 1-3 times
more than 3times
2) How did you come to about above places ?
Advertisement Tour operators
Travel agents Friends & Relatives
3) Which of the places are you aware of?
Peerumedu Wagamon Parunthumpara Elappara Kumili Kurizhumala
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All of these
4) Which of the following tourist places you visited?
Pine forest Green mountains Suicide point
Kurisumala Cow farm Tea Garden Spice Garden Parunthumpara All the above
5) What type of accommodation do you prefer while in Peerumedu?
Economy type Luxury type
Budget type
6) Did you have difficulty in finding an accommodation of your choice?
Yes No
7) How did your travel in and around the places in Peerumedu?
Own vehicle Rented vehicle104
Public vehicle Other vehicle
8) Do you think the road is maintained well in this area?
Yes No
9) What do you think of measures taken in suicide point?
Good Bad Average
10) How was the Pine tree garden maintained?
Good Bad Average
11) Have you done any shopping form Peerumedu?
Yes No
o If yes how do you feel about the pricing?
High Low Average
12) Do you think the Govt is taking activities for eco-friendliness ?
Yes No
13) Do you think the waste is properly disposed?
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Yes No
14) Did you find proper litter bins in & around Peerumedu?
Yes No
15)What do you think and the drawback for the tourism at Peerumedu?
Litters Accessibility
Govt policy Environment
16) Were you satisfied in selecting Peerumedu as your tourist destination?
Yes No
17) If a chance, will you visit Peerumedu again?
Yes No
18)Can you give some suggestion for the improvement of the tourism in Peerumedu?
............................................................................................................
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106
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY107
BOOKS
KOTHARI C.R (2002), RESEARCH mETHODOLOGY, VISWAPRAKASAN, NEW DELHI
BHATIA A.K (1999), TOURISM PRINICIPLE AND PRACTICES), HIMALAYA PUBLISHING, TOURISM MARKETING
MAGAZINE
HILL STSTION IN KOTAYAM( K.V SUKUMARAN) NATURE OF KERALA (C.P RAMAN KUTTY)
INTERNET
www.keralatourism.org www.idukkitourism.in www.keralahillstation.com
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