Introduction of Animal Behavior (Week 1)

8/11/2019 Introduction of Animal Behavior (Week 1)

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Introductionto

AnimalBehavior

D r . P a r i c h a r t L a k s a n a w i m o l

A n i m a l b e h a v i o r , M a j o r o f B i o l o g y ,

F a c u l t y o f S c i e n c e , C h a n d r a k a s e m R a j a b h a t U n i v e r s i t y

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Behaviour - What is it?

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Behaviour - movement (or motor patterns)

Includes:

Movement Vocalization Chemical

release

Colour change

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WhatIsBehavior?

Behavioriswhatananimaldoesandhowitdoes

it.

Learningisalsoconsideredabehavioral

process.

Pioneersof

ethology:

Konrad Lorenz Karl von Frisch Niko Tinbergen

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Proximatevs.UltimateCauses

Thescientificquestionsthatcanbeasked

aboutbehavior

can

be

divided

into

two

classes:

Thosethatfocusontheimmediatestimulusand

mechanismforthebehavior.

Thosethatexplorehowthebehaviorcontributes

tosurvival

and

reproduction.

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Proximate,orhow,questionsabout

behaviorfocus

on

the

environmental

stimuli

thattriggerabehavior.

Focusonthegenetic,physiological,and

anatomicalmechanismsunderlyingabehavioral

act.

Proximateand UltimateQuestions 7


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Ultimate,orwhy,questionsaboutbehavior

addressthe

evolutionary

significance

of

abehavior.

8Proximateand UltimateQuestions


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Ethology

Ethologyisthescientificstudyofanimal

behavior,particularly

in

natural

environments.

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BehavioralEcology

Themodernscientificdisciplineofbehavioral

ecologyextends

observations

of

animal

behaviorbystudying:howsuchbehavioris

controlledandhowitdevelops,evolves,and

contributesto

survival

and

reproductive

success.

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Ethologybasicconcepts

LorenzandTinbergen(1938)examinedeggrolling

behavior

in

the

greylag

goose.

Iftheeggslippedaway,shecontinuedthe

motion.

Oncestarted,

the

behavior

must

be

completed

inaspecificway.

Stereotypicalbehavior

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Afixedactionpattern(FAP)isasequenceof

unlearned,innate

behaviors

that

is

unchangeable.

Onceinitiated,itisusuallycarriedtocompletion.

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AFAPistriggeredbyanexternalsensory

stimulusknown

as

asign

stimulus.

Theegg,forexample.

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Inmalesticklebacks,thesignstimulusfor

attackbehavior,

is

the

red

underside

of

an

intruder.

(a)A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its redunderside.

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FixedAction Patterns

Whenpresentedwithunrealisticmodels,aslong

as

some

red

is

present,

the

attack

behavior

occurs.

Noattackoccurswiththerealisticmodelthatlacks

red.



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MaleEnglishrobins

will

attack

a

bundle

of

redfeathersplacedin

theirterritory,butwill

ignoreastuffed

juvenile(nored).



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FixedActionPatterns

Therearecostsinvolvedwithattackbehavior.

Inappropriateattack

responses

can

be

costly.

Reditemsarenotcommonintheenvironment.

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TheGeneticsofBehavior

Hereditarytransmissionofbehaviorisoften

complex.

Occasionally,abehaviorwillfollowMendelian

rules.

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TheGeneticsof Behavior

Hygienicbeesuncaphivecellsandremove

rotting

larvae.

Controlledbytwogenes.

Homozygousrecessiveindividualsshowthe

trait.


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Hybridsmayshow

intermediateorconfused

behavior.

EachspeciesofAgapornishas

itsownmethodofcarrying

nestbuilding

material.

Inthebill

Tuckedintofeathersonthe

back

Hybridstriedboth,but

performedbothincorrectly.


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Learning

Learningisthemodificationofbehaviorbased

onspecific

experiences.

Learnedbehaviorsrangefromverysimpleto

very

complex.

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Habituation

Habituationisalossofresponsivenessto

stimulithat

convey

littleornoinformation.

Ifanoxious

stimulus

isapplied,theanimalbecomessensitizedtothestimulus.

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Imprinting

Imprintingisatypeof

behavior

that

includes

bothlearningand

innatecomponents

andis

generally

irreversible.

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Imprinting

Imprintingisdistinguishedfromothertypesof

learningby

asensitive

period

alimited

phaseinananimalsdevelopmentthatisthe

onlytimewhencertainbehaviorscanbe

learned.

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Imprinting

Anexampleofimprintingisyounggeesefollowing

theirmother.

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Imprinting

KonradLorenz

showed

that

when

babygeesespent

thefirstfewhours

oftheir

life

with

him,theyimprinted

onhimastheir

parent.

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Imprinting 31Imprinting


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Imprinting

Conservationbiologistshavetakenadvantage

ofimprinting

in

programs

to

save

the

whoopingcranefromextinction.

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Imprinting

Youngmalewhitecrownedsparrowslearntheir

song

by

listening

to

their

father.

Abirdraisedinisolationwillhaveanabnormal

song.

Ifhe

hears

arecording

of

the

song

during

acritical

period,

hewilllearniteventhelocaldialect.

Hecanonlylearnthesongofhisspecies.

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SocialBehavior

Socialbehavior

includes

any

interactionresulting

fromaresponseofone

animalto

another

animalofthesame

species.

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SelectiveConsequencesofSociality

Benefitsofsocialbehavior:

Defense(passiveand

active)from

predators

Easiertofindamate

Synchronizereproductive

behavior(increases

likelihoodofoffspring

survival)

Parentalcare

increases

survivalofoffspring

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Morebenefits:

Cooperativehunting

Huddlingtoavoidsevereweather

Divisionoflabor

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Learningnewtechniques.

One

macaque,

Imo,

discoveredtheeaseofremovingsandbywashingsweetpotatoes.

Behaviorspreadthroughthetroop.

Shealsofoundthatifshethrew

rice

mixed

with

sand

intothewater,thericefloats,whilesandsinks.

Thisbehavior

also

spread.

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SelectiveConsequencesof Sociality

Disadvantagesinclude:

Camouflage

may

be

less

effective

Notenoughfoodtosupportnumerous

individuals.

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Agonisticor CompetitiveBehavior

Whenresourcesarelimited,competitionforthe

limiting

resource

occurs.

Food,water,mates,shelter

Aggressiveoragonisticbehaviorincludes

physicalaction

or

threat

that

causes

another

to

abandonsomething.

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ally

Ritualizedthreat

displaysgetthe

meaningacrossusu

withoutinjury.

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Theloserofa

ritualizedbattlewill

indicatesubmissionto

endtheencounter

quickly.

Manyspeciessetupa

dominancehierarchy

orpecking

order

(first

observedinchickens).

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HomeRange

Ahomerangediffersfromaterritoryinthatit

isnot

defended.

Includesthetotalareaanindividualutilizesinits

activities.

Ananimal

may

have

alarger

home

range

that

includesasmaller,defendedterritory.

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MatingBehavior

Matingbehavioristheproductofaformof

naturalselection

call

sexual

selection.

Thematingrelationshipbetweenmalesand

femalesvariesagreatdealfromspeciesto

species.

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MatingSystems

Inmanyspecies,matingis

promiscuous,with

no

strongpairbondsorlastingrelationships.

Inmonogamous

relationships,onemalemateswithone

female.

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MatingSystems

Inpolygyny,onemale

mateswithmany

females.

Themalesareoften

moreshowy

and

largerthanthe

females.

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MatingSystems

Inpolyandrous

systems,onefemale

mateswithmany

males.

The

females

are

oftenmore

showythanthe

males.

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MatingSystems

Resourcedefensepolygynymalesgain

accessto

females

indirectly

by

holding

critical

resources.

Bullfrogs

Femaledefensepolygynyfemalesaggregate

andcanbedefendedbyamale.

Elephantseals

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MatingSystems

Maledominancepolygynyoccurswhen

femalesselect

mates

fromanaggregationofmales.

Alek

is

acommunal

displaygroundwheremalestryto

attractfemales.

Sagegrouse

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Altruism

Onoccasion,someanimalsbehaveinways

thatreduce

their

individual

fitness

but

increasethefitnessofothers.

Thiskindofbehavioriscalledaltruism.

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Altruism

Innakedmoleratpopulations,nonreproductive

individualsmaysacrificetheirlivesprotectingthe

reproductiveindividualsfrompredators.

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InclusiveFitness

Altruisticbehaviorcanbeexplainedby

inclusivefitness

the

total

effect

an

individualhasonproliferatingitsgenesby

producingitsownoffspringandbyproviding

aid

that

enables

close

relatives

to

produce

offspring.

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HamiltonsRuleandKinSelection

Hamiltonproposedaquantitativemeasurefor

predictingwhen

natural

selection

would

favor

altruisticactsamongrelatedindividuals.

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Thethreekeyvariablesinanaltruisticactare:

The

benefit

to

the

recipient.

Thecosttothealtruist.

Thecoefficientofrelatedness.

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Thecoefficientof

relatednessisthe

probabilitythattwo

relativesmayshare

the

same

genes.

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Hamiltons RuleandKinSelection

Inhoneybees,mostofthefemalesina

colonydo

not

reproduce.

Femaleworkerscan

increasetheir

overall

fitnessbycaringforsistersratherthan

reproducingon

their

own.

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Hamiltons RuleandKinSelection

Kinselectionisnaturalselectionthatfavors

thiskind

of

altruistic

behavior

by

enhancing

reproductivesuccessofrelatives.

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Anexampleofkin

selectionandaltruismis

thewarningbehavior

observedinBeldings

ground

squirrels.

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AnimalCommunication

Inbehavioralecology,asignalisabehavior

thatcauses

achange

in

another

animals

behavior.

Communicationisthereceptionofand

responsetosignals.

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AnimalCommunication

Animalscommunicateusingvisual,auditory,

chemical,tactile,

and

electrical

signals.

Thetypeofsignalusedtotransmit

informationiscloselyrelatedtoananimals

lifestyleandenvironment.

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ChemicalCommunication

Manyanimalsthatcommunicatethrough

odorsemit

chemical

substancescalledpheromones.

Female

silkworm

mothsproduce

an

attractantthatispickedupby

receptorson

the

antennaeofmales.

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ChemicalCommunication

Whenaminnoworcatfishisinjured,analarm

substanceinthefishsskindispersesinthewater,

inducingafrightresponseamongfishinthearea.

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LanguageofHoneyBees

Honeybeesusedancestocommunicatethelocation

offood

resources.

Rounddanceconveysinformationaboutfoodclosetothehive.

Waggledanceindicatesthatarichfoodsourceisfartherfromthehiveand

usesthe

position

ofthe

sunrelativetothefoodsource.Thetempo

conveys

informationabout

distance.

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CommunicationbyDisplays

Animalsfrequentlyuseritualizeddisplaysto

communicate.

Bluefootedboobiesusepairbondingdisplays.

Intenseafteraperiodofseparation.

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AnimalCognition

Problemsolvingcanbelearnedbyobservingthe

behaviorofotheranimals.

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Introduction of Animal Behavior (Week 1)

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