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Introduction of Skin and fascia
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy)
Introduction of structures met in dissection
• Skin • Superficial fascia• Artery, Vein ,Nerve• Deep fascia• Muscles • Bones • joints •
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Objectives
Introduction to Skin. Fascia.
- Superficial Fascia
- Deep Fascia.
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Skin
Structure of skin. Functions of skin. Appendages of skin.
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Structure of the skin
EpidermisEpidermis
Keratinized stratified Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium squamous epithelium devoid of blood vesselsdevoid of blood vessels
DermisDermis
Connective tissue containing Connective tissue containing (bl. v. lymph v., sensory nerve (bl. v. lymph v., sensory nerve endings, smooth m, hair endings, smooth m, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands) glands)
In its deep part the collagen In its deep part the collagen bundles are arranged in bundles are arranged in parallel rowsparallel rows
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Skin
• Layers of skin• Epidermis• Five type of layers
• Dermis• Two type of layers
Junction • Dermal papilla
• Epidermal peg (rete pegs)
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy
Skin….
• Epidermis -
1. Stratum basale• Single layer of columnar cells
2. Stratum spinosum• Several layers of polyhedral cells,
spine like process,
tonofilament
3.Stratum granulosum• Keratohyline granules
4. Stratum lucidum• Homogeneous keratin, fusiform
cells
5.Stratum corneum-non nucleated keratinized dead cells
Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy)
Skin…..
Dermis
• Papillary layer• Tactile papilla• Vascular papilla• Collagen fibre
• Reticular layer Collagen fibre
• Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands• Hairs
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
Skin……
• Thick skin
-No hairs • Thin skin • Devoid of Stratum
lucidum
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
Functions of the Skin• 1-Protection• abrasion, invasion, water loss, UV protection• 2-Vitamin D synthesis• epidermal keratinocytes when exposed to UV
light• helps maintain health of skeleton by increasing
absorption of Ca2+• 3-Sensation• receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure,
vibration and pain
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy
• 4- Thermoregulation
• thermo receptors and sweat glands
• hypothalamus controls cutaneous arteries and sweat glands to retain or dissipate heat
• 5- Psychological and social functions
• appearance and social acceptance
• facial expression and nonverbal communication
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy
• Nails• Hairs• Sebaceous glands• Sweat glands
The appendages of the skin
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy
Fascia
Collection of connective tissueCollection of connective tissue
Deep fasciaDeep fasciaSuperficial fasciaSuperficial fascia
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy
Superficial fasciaSuperficial fascia:• Loose, mixture of adipose and loose areolar tissues.• It unites the skin to the underlying structures.• It is dense in some places as scalp, palm of hand and sole of foot
and contains collagen bundles• It is thin in the eyelids, auricle, scrotum, penis and clitoris
(devoid of adipose tissue).
Functions:• Facilitates movement of skin over underlying structures.• Passage for cutaneous vessels, nerves…
Protects the body against heat loss. Dr. Navneet Kumar
Professor (Anatomy)
Superficial fascia
Superficial Fascia• Site with Very less fat -Eyelids -Pinna -Penis • Site with more fat - Breast - Abdomen -Gluteal region
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
It is more dense than superficial fasciaIt is more dense than superficial fascia
Collagenous bundles are more compact and more Collagenous bundles are more compact and more regularly arrangedregularly arranged
It is usually present in the form of membranes It is usually present in the form of membranes
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
Deep fascia
A. Investing fascia
• Covers the surfaces of musclesCovers the surfaces of muscles• In the neck: it forms well-defined layers, bounds fascial In the neck: it forms well-defined layers, bounds fascial
spaces so limits spread of infection or determine the path of spaces so limits spread of infection or determine the path of infectioninfection
• In the abdomen: it is thinIn the abdomen: it is thin• In the limbs: forms a definite sheath around the musclesIn the limbs: forms a definite sheath around the muscles• Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
•
Examples of deep fascia
B. Inter muscular septa
lie between muscles lie between muscles dividing the limbdividing the limb intointo compartmentscompartments
Examples of deep fascia………..
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy
Localized thickening of deep fascia around joints, hold the tendons in place, prevent bowstringing of tendon
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
Examples of deep fascia………..
C. Retinacula
Examples of deep fascia………..
• Fibrous sheath
- eg. Carotid sheath Axillary sheath
• Fibrous capsule
-eg Parotid capsule
• Ligaments
Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)
Absence of deep fascia
• Face
• Breast
• Penis
• Anterior abdominal wall
• Dr. Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy)