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Introduction Organic Substance produced through biological process Based upon carbon Also often contains H, N, O, P, S

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Biomolecule FunctionStructureExamples Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Store hereditary information DNA, RNA

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Functional groups Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of

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Some Common Functional Groups:

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All of them!

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Organic molecules are polymers Made of repeating units, called monomers Condensation/dehydration Reactions link monomers in a chain

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Chemistry of carbohydrates Contain C, H & O. Examples: Sugars, starches, cellulose Sugars can be simple or complex organic compounds.

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Which carbohydrates are simple and which are complex?

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Monosaccharides: Simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose. Each has the same chemical formula: C 6 H 12 O 6, but each with a different structure.

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Identify the differences between the different monosaccharides.

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Disaccharidesthe complex sugars Result when 2 simple sugars bond together. Sucrose consists of 1 glucose and 1 fructose. Other examples include lactose, trehalose, & maltose.

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What is the relationship between monosaccharides and these disaccharides? How are all these disaccharides the same?

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Polysaccharides 3 or more simple sugars bonded together. Common examples: Starch and Cellulose (only found in plants) Glycogen found in animals Helps animals to store energy in the liver and muscles

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What is the difference between these polysaccharides?

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Which Functional Groups do all Carbohydrates have?

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Proteins More than 50% of the dry weight of animals are made up of proteins. They often act as enzymes (biological catalysts) Contain C, H, N, O

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What is the protein/enzyme doing in this picture?

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Amino Acids Polymers of amino acids. Amino acids consists of 2 functional groups - the Carboxyl and the Amino group.

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What makes up the amino group? What makes up the carboxylic acid group?

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What is the difference between one amino acid and another?

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Peptide bonds Amino acids link through the amino group on one amino acid & the carboxyl group on another. Each linkage is called a peptide bond

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Find the amino groups and carboxyl groups in the first picture. Compare the first picture to the second. What happens to bond the two amino acids together?

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Answer? Water is removed when they are joined Dehydration reaction

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Human body and amino acids The human body can produce 12 of the 20 amino acids. The other 8 (essential amino acids) must be gotten from protein in the diet. Any protein that contains enough of all the essential amino acids = complete protein. Combinations of plant proteins that can provide adequate amounts of all essential amino acids = complementary proteins.

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Lipids Broad term applied to the following molecules: Fats Waxes Steroids Fat-soluble Vitamins

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Lipids Lipids can have the following functions: Store Energy Insulate Repel Water Form cell Membranes

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Match each picture with the function of lipids.

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Lipids Examples: Fatty Acids Cholesterol Phospholipid Triglycerides Steroids

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What functional groups are found in these fatty acids?

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How does this triglyceride compare to the fatty acids triglyceride Main component of Animal Fat and Vegetable Oils

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Which side of the phospholipid below would like water? Which would not? Why? Phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes

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What is a problem too much cholesterol could cause? Cholesterol is part of cell membrane and can be made into Vitamin D and hormones like testosterone and estrogen

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Vitamins An organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by living things.

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What functional groups does this vitamin have?

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What about this one?

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No Way!