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CONTENT PAGE
CONTENT 1
INTRODUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION 2
DEFINATION OF AIR POLLUTION 3
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION 4
TYPE OF AIR POLLUTION 5 - 7
WAYS TO SOLVE AIR POLLUTION 8
PICTURES, GRAPHS AND CHARTS OF AIR POLLUTION 9 - 11
CASE STUDY CONCLUSION AND WAYS TO CONTROL 12
CASE STUDY ON MALAYSIA AIR POLLUTION 13 – 14
AIR POLLUTION CONCLUSION 15
1
AIR POLLUTION
INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION
Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies
to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release
substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.
We need air to breathe because every living organism needs clean air in order to survive.
In our daily life we need 30lb of air, 15lb of water and 1.5lb of food. Human being can live about
5 weeks without foods, 5 days without water and 5 minutes without air.
Air is the atmosphere or mixture of gases surrounding the earth to a height of about 300
feet, which all people and land animals breathe. It is colorless and tasteless and is made up of
about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and most of the remainder is small quantities of other gases
such as carbon dioxide, ozone, hydrogen, helium and other gases that do not burn up.
There is also water content in the air which varies up to 4%, especially in the tropics.
There may also be some sulfur compounds present due to industrial pollution. Oxygen is a
colorless, tasteless, gaseous element which forms 1/5 of the earth's atmosphere. Most oxygen is
made up of two atoms which form one molecule.
2
DEFINATION OF AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that
cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.air contaminants including smoke, soot,
dust, dust, ashes, debris, solid particle of any kind, including dust, gases, vapors, mist, odor,
and radioactive materials emitted from the combustion of fuel and materials like or the usage of
the products as a source of heat or electricity from the synthesis, resolution or any other
material recovery and that may be prescribed by the minister as the materials can affect the
health or life environment.
PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulate matter is a particle-particle that exist in the atmosphere whether solid or
liquids. The main particle for this particulate matter is aerosol which is a small tiny liquid
or a 100 micro meter solid.
DUST
Dust is solid particles. Its expand using gravity.
FLYING ASH
This type of smooth solid particle is produced by combustion process for example coal
fire from electric power station.
FUMES
Fumes are the solid particles that formed when water vapor condenses.fumes can be
frozen and sometimes linked.
FLUID PARTICLES
Fluid particles can also be called fog or mist.
3
CAUSES AIR POLLUTION
i. Automobile Exhaust
Contains hydrocarbons, particulates, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur that contribute to air pollution.
ii. Draily Activities
Our daily activities also can cause air pollution for example we use our car to work, school and travels everyday and the gases from the car can cause air pollution.
iii. Open burning
Open burning one of five causes of air pollution. Mankind do open burning when they burn all the rubbish without choosing which one is suitable for burning.
4
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Carbon monoxide ( CO)
2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
3. Particulate Matter
4. Lead (Pb)
5. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
6. Ozone
7. Other toxic waste
CARBON MONOXIDE
Is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product
by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major
source of carbon monoxide.
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula S O 2. It
is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often
contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur
compounds are removed before burning the fuel. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the
presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. Sulfur dioxide emissions are
also a precursor to particulates in the atmosphere. Both of these impacts are cause for concern
over the environmental impact of these fuels.
5
PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulates, alternatively known to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles and also
called soot, are tiny subdivisions of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid. In
contrast, aerosol refers to particles and/or liquid droplets and the gas together. Sources of
particulate matter can be man made or natural. Air pollution and water pollution can take the
form of solid particulate matter, or be dissolved. Salt is an example of a dissolved contaminant in
water, while sand is generally a solid particulate.
LEAD (Pb)
Lead is a main-group element with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic
number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals.
Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull
grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a
liquid.
Lead is a poisonous substance to animals. It damages the nervous system and
causes brain disorders. Excessive lead also causes blood disorders in mammals. Like the
element mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates both in soft
tissues and the bones.
NITROGEN DIOXIDES (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. One of
several nitrogen oxides, NO2 is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions
of tons of which are produced each year.
This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor and is a prominent air
pollutant. Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry.
OZONE(O3)
Formed in the atmosphere by reaction of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sunlight.
6
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
There are many types of air pollution that can be a health threat inside the home just as
it is a threat outside the home. Each varying type of air pollution is generally linked to a specific
cause.Most of us have been educated at one point in our life about outdoor air pollution. Acid
rain and smog are well known terms, especially on the west coast of the United States.
Smog is the result of emissions that is trapped in rain and fog, causing a serious health threat to
those under the smog.
One day of heavy smog can be about the same as sitting in a room with 12 chain
smokers for one year.The greenhouse effect, which we all associate with the phenomenon of
global warming, is generally caused by the release of gases.
Methane gas is one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect. Methane, which is often
associated with fecal waste, is actually a threat to the health of the ozone layer as well.
Most destructive methane gas comes from the methods used to extract natural gas from the earth
to use in the heating of homes and businesses. The methane gas that is released under these
circumstances is quite potent and has the potential to deplete the ozone to a significant degree.
The combustion of waste products is another main offender when it comes to the release of
methane gas.
These two contributors to the release of dangerous levels of methane are facing strict
governmental regulation to help keep the ozone layer intact.
The burning of fossil fuels is a large factor in creating other types of air pollution. We burn fossil
fuels for heat, energy, and occasionally as an alternative power source.
When we burn fossil fuels we release a toxin known as sulphur dioxide. Crude oil and coal are
the two main fossil fuels that contain sulphur dioxide that is released into the atmosphere when
burned.
Unfortunately, this toxin is dangerous to humans and can be released during the
cultivation of coal, which is one of the causes of lung problems among coal workers. This gas
sticks to air molecules and can be a significant cause of smog.
7
WAYS TO SOLVE AIR POLLUTION
1. Avoid Second-Hand Smoke –
Passive smoke is produced by smokers but can harm non-smokers as well. Try to avoid
areas that are filled with smoke and ask smokers to smoke outdoors.
2. Check For Radon –
Radon arises naturally from the ground and could cause fatal lung cancer. Purchase a
testing kit to find out if the radon level in your home is dangerously high.
3. Don't Smoke
When you smoke, you not only harm yourself but also create problems for other people's
health.
4. Don't Use Wood Stoves
Wood stoves emit large amounts of CO indoors. This can build up in your home and
create a dangerous health risk.
5. Drive Less
Cars are one of the largest sources of air pollution. You should carpool or take public
transportation whenever possible.
6. Have Plants
Plants can absorb some dangerous chemicals that are polluting your air. In doing so,
they reduce your risk of getting sick.
7. Look For Asbestos –
Many old homes still contain asbestos from when they were built. Asbestos can get into
your lungs, stomach, and chest, causing problems that can prove fatal. As a result, you
should look around your home for asbestos that is crumbling or loose and remove it.
8. Minimize Air Conditioning –
If you can avoid air-conditioning, do so. By keeping windows and shades shut, you may
be able to avoid needing air conditioning, which will mean using less energy.
9. Use Efficient Appliances –
To cut down on energy usage, buy energy-efficient home appliances. Less energy usage
will not only decrease pollution, it will decrease your energy bill too.
8
PICTURES, GRAPHS AND CHARTS OF AIR POLLUTION
9
CASE STUDY CONCLUSION AND WAYS TO CONTROL
10
Air pollution is mostly contributed by the human activities. There are many causes of air
pollution ,and major air pollutants are sulphur dioxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen oxides emitted by many vehicles and factories., burning of fossil fuels, such as coal,
petroleum ,and gasoline.
These all fossil fuels are used in all major industries, including the automobiles ,jet planes,
manufacturing industries, power plants.Considering the harmful effect of air pollution on
atmosphere we must all put in efforts to control it.Following are some tips for controlling air
pollution.:-
Vehicle Care
To keep car in a good condition we can timely do servicing of the car and also minimize fuel
exhaust. The fuel can be saved by driving the car at an average speed and turning off in traffic
light.
Public Transport to be used to prevent air pollution
On every occasion possible, we must try to take a public transports. This will helps in two
ways; one it will prevent air pollution and other is it will increase income of public which can
be used for some other purpose or development.
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION
Technical emission control measures constitute an emission control strategy. Such
measures can reduce pollutant emissions per vehicle kilometer traveled more than in-use
uncontrolled vehicles. Even though technical measures alone are insufficient to make sure the
desired reduction of urban air pollution. In addition to this, we can make use of alternative fuels
and efficient public transport can also ensure a major improvement in environmental conditions.
CASE STUDY ON MALAYSIA AIR POLLUTION
11
KUALA LUMPUR: The air quality in Malaysia largely deteriorated over the course of Saturday.
As of 5pm, only 19 locations in the country registered good air quality while 30 registered
moderate air quality, according to the Department of Environment's website
The air quality in Tanjung Malim was found to be unhealthy, recording an Air Pollution
Index (API) reading of 113.
52 hotspots were detected in Sumatra while Borneo and peninsula Malaysia recorded 91
and 2 hotspots respectively.
Among the locations which registered moderate air quality are Batu Muda (75), Cheras
(70), Putrjaya (67), Kuala Selangor (78), Port Klang (73), Kemaman (70), Jalan Tasek, Ipoh
(78), Balok Baru, Kuantan (71) and Pasir Gudang (72).
Air quality is considered good if the API reading is between 0 and 50. Moderate air
quality has an API that ranges between 51 and 100 while an API between 101 and 200 indicates
unhealthy air quality.
Meanwhile, Bernama reported from Jambi that the Minister of Environment Rachmat
Witoelar said the authorities would not hesitate to arrest the perpetrators of forest and land fires,
and sent them to prison following the issuance of a new environment law next September.
Quoting Antara news agency Witoelar reportedly said that the new law, effective from
September 8, would give the authority to coordinate with other relevant authorities to arrest those
who burn forests and land bushes.
He said his office would directly fix police lines at the areas affected by fires and
handcuff the perpetrators, before imposing jail sentences upon them. In the meantime, haze has
begun this week to blanket a number of areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Antara said.
12
Haze and fog blanketed Pekanbaru city after the air over the Riau provincial capital was
clear of haze due to heavy rainfall in the small hours of Saturday.
The dense haze and fog had prompted the attention of activists of the Tsu Chi Foundation in
Pekanbaru.
They went down into the streets distributing masks to passing motorists. They also
distributed the masks in residential complexes like Kuantan Jaya, in Pekanbaru city.
However, the heavy downpour early Saturday could not put out the flames raging in the peat
land in Pekanbaru.
Smoke was still seen billowing into the sky of Panam, Rumbai and Kulim. Data of the
Meteorology, Geophysics and Climatology Office (BMKG) of Pekanbaru, obtained from the
monitoring by the NOAA 18 satellite, show that the forest and land fires were still raging in a
number of areas in Riau province. In Kalimantan, Indonesia is cooperating with Malaysia and
Brunei Darussalam to protect Kalimantan (Borneo) through their 'Heart of Borneo (HOB)'
program.
The 'Heart of Borneo' program is a natural resource conservation and sustainable
utilization program, Hendrik Segah, HOB Coordinator of Central Kalimantan, said here on
Friday.The HOB program is aimed at protecting the sustainable utilization of one of the world's
remaining best forests in Kalimantan for the welfare of the current and future generations.
AIR POLLUTION CONCLUSION
13
Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odour in harmful
amounts. That is, amounts which could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and
animals or which could cause damage to plants and materials.
The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped
into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Primary pollutant
examples include carbon monoxide from car exhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of
coal.
Further pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo chemical
reactions. The resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog is an
example of this.With increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, humans started to release
more wastes into the atmosphere than nature could cope with.
Since then, more pollution has been added to the air by industrial, commercial and
domestic sources. As these sources are usually found in major cities, the gases that are produced
are usually concentrated in the air around them. The adverse effects of air pollution were
graphically illustrated in London in 1952 when, in just a few days, an estimated 4000 people died
from effects of fine particle pollution.
It is when these concentrated gases exceed safe limits that we have a pollution problem.
Nature can no longer manage air pollution without our help.Air pollutants mainly occur as a
result of gaseous discharges from industry and motor vehicles. There are also natural sources
such as wind-blown dust and smoke from fires.
Some forms of air pollution create global problems, such as upper atmosphere ozone
depletion and global warming. These problems are very complex, and require international
cooperative efforts to find solutions.
14