Introduction to Anatomy

anatomy and medicine

Anatomical Terminology • Anatomical Position: standing erect, facing

forward, arms at the sides, palm and feet facing forward

Anatomical Terminology

• Superior: above another body part• Inferior: below another body part• Anterior: toward the front • Ventral: front or belly side• Posterior: toward the back• Dorsal: backside• Medial: near the middle• Lateral: to one side of the middle• Bilateral: paired structures• Ipsilateral: on the same side

Anatomical Terminology

• Contralateral: on the opposite side• Proximal: close to the point of attachment• Distal: further from the point of attachment• Superficial: near the surface • Peripheral: outward or near the surface• Deep: internal parts• Abdominal: between the thorax and the pelvis• Acromial: the point of the shoulder• Antebrachial: the forearm• Antecubital: in front of the elbow

Anatomical Terminology

• Axillary: the armpit• Brachial: the arm• Buccal: the cheek• Carpal: the wrist• Celiac: the abdomen• Cephalic: the head• Cervical: the neck• Costal: the ribs• Coxal: the hips• Crural: the leg

Anatomical Terminology

• Cubital: the elbow• Digital: fingers or toes• Femoral: the thigh• Frontal: the forehead• Genital: reproductive organs• Gluteal: the buttocks• Inguinal: the groin• Lumbar: the lower back• Mammary: the breast• Mental: the chin

Anatomical Terminology

• Nasal: the nose• Occipital: the lower posterior part of the head• Oral: the mouth• Orbital: the eye socket• Palmar: palm of the hand• Patellar: front of the knee• Pectoral: the chest• Pelvic: the pelvis• Perineal: between the anus and the external

reproductive organs• Plantar: the sole of the foot

Anatomical Terminology

• Popliteal: behind the knee• Sacral: between the hip bones• Sternal: front, middle of the thorax• Sural: calf of the leg• Tarsal: the ankle• Umbilical: the naval• Vertebral: the spinal column

Anatomical Terminology• Cardiac: the heart• Renal or nephric: the kidneys• Optical: vision• Radio: x-rays• Dermal: the skin• Hepatic: the liver• Neural: nerves• Histal: tissues• Gastric: the stomach• Enteral: the intestines• Hyper: above• Hypo: below

Medical and Applied Sciences• Gastroenterology• Immunology• Neonatologist• Otolaryngologist • Gynecologist• Hematologist • Psychologist • Epidemiologist• Cardiology• Dermatology• Gerontology• Radiologist • Neurology • General Practice • Surgeon • Audiologist• Optometrist • Pathology

• Cytology• Endocrinology• Anesthesiologist • Podiatrist • Pediatrician • Psychiatrist • Nephrology• Hepatologist • Phlebologist • Toxicology • Urologist• Oncologist• Geriatrics• Orthopedics• Histology• Ophthalmologist• Obstetrics • Pharmacology

Introduction

• Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts• Physiology: the study of the function of the body

parts

Characteristics of Living Things1. Movement: self initiated change in position,

motion of internal parts2. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and

react to them3. Growth: increase in body size4. Reproduction: producing offspring and passing

genetic material to them5. Respiration: obtaining oxygen, using it to release

energy from food and getting rid of carbon dioxide

Characteristics of Living Things6. Digestion: chemically breaking down food and getting rid of wastes7. Absorption: passage of digested nutrients through membranes and into bodily fluids8. Circulation: movement of substances throughout the body9. Assimilation: changing absorbed substances into different chemicals10. Excretion: removal of waste products

Characteristics of Living Things• Metabolism: all the chemical changes that occur in the

body to maintain lifeNeeds1.Water: transports substances and maintains

temperature2.Food: provides the body with nutrients3.Oxygen: releases energy from food and drives

metabolism4.Heat: a form of energy that is a product of metabolism5.Pressure: important in breathing and circulation

Characteristics of Living Things • Homeostasis: the ability of the body to maintain a

stable, balanced environment• Homeostatic controls: self-regulating control

systems in the body that are initiated when conditions deviate from normal • Receptors: detect environmental changes and relay the

information to the brain• Effectors: muscles or glands that respond to bodily

changes• Set point: what the norm should be

Feedback Loops

• Positive Feedback Loops: increases the action of the effectors• Example: blood begins to clot and more clotting factors

are produced

• Negative Feedback Loops: decreases the action of the effectors• Example: the body gets cold and starts to shiver to heat

the body back up so that the effectors aren’t telling the brain it is cold anymore

What is the internal process that happens when we get cold?

What is the internal process that happens when we get too hot?

What is the internal process that happens when we get burnt or cut?

What is the internal process that happens when we catch a virus?

Levels of organization

Body Organization

• Axial portion: head, neck and trunk• Appendicular portion: arms and legs1.Several body cavities and layers of membranes

lining the cavities2.A variety of organs and organ systems within the

body cavitiesViscera: relating to any or all internal organs

Body Organization

1. Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts

2. Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left halves

3. Frontal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Body Cavities

Ventral body cavities1.Thoracic cavity: chest: contains heart, lungs, trachea and esophagus 2.Abdominal cavity: contains digestive organs3.Pelvic cavity: contains bladder and reproductive organs•Diaphragm: separates the thoracic and pelvic cavities

Body Cavities

Dorsal Body Cavities1.Cranial cavity: contains the brain2.Vertebral cavity: contains the spinal cord

Membranes

• Serous membranes: two layers of membranes that cover organs• Parietal membrane: forms the outer lining • Visceral membrane: inner layer covering the

surface of an organ• Serous fluid: fluid between the membrane layers

that provides lubrication

Membranes

• Pleural membrane: surrounds the lungs• Pericardium: surrounds the heart• Peritoneum: surrounds the organs within the

abdominopelvic cavity

Body Systems• Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, sweat

glands and sebaceous glands• Protects • Regulates body temperature

• Skeletal system: Bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilage• supports and moves body parts• Produces blood cells and store inorganic salts

• Muscular System: muscles• move body parts and maintains posture• Produce heat

Body Systems• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense

organs• Sends signals

• Receptors and effectors• Endocrine system: glands • secrete hormones• Alters metabolism

• Cardiovascular system: heart, blood and vessels. • Transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes

• Transports biochemicals used in metabolism• Lymphatic System: lymph fluid and vessels, spleen• Cleans the blood and defends against disease

• Removes wastes

Body Systems

• Digestive System: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, gal bladder, pancreas, liver• break down food molecules, absorbs nutrients and

eliminates waste products • Produces heat and provides nutrients

• Respiratory System: lungs, trachea, nasal cavity, bronchi• Gas exchange between the blood and the air• Maintains pH balance

Body Systems

• Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra• Remove wastes from blood• Maintains water and salt balance

• Reproductive system: female or male reproductive organs (internal and external)• Transports sperm or egg and nourishes offspring• Makes hormones