Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

11/30/11

• Objectives: – To set goals for the winter term– To introduce anatomy and physiology

• Do now: – Take 4 handouts and complete winter term reflection

and goals(7 min. thinking and writing – silent)

• Do later: – Reading response questions sheet

Levels of Organization

• Atoms

• Combine to form molecules

• Combine to form macromolecules

Levels of organization

• Cells

• Are made up of organelles

• Many cells with a common function make up a tissue

Levels of Organization

• Groups of tissues compose organs

• Groups of related organs form organ systems

• Organ systems compose an organism

Homeostasis

• Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain stable conditions

• Can you think of some conditions that are regulated in our bodies? – Temperature– Blood pressure– Blood oxygen & blood sugar– Water content

Homeostasis

• Let’s apply this idea to an example: temperature regulation

• Normal body temperature = 98.6 °F• If temperature drops too low, the body heats

itself up by shivering.• If temperature raises too high, the body cools

down by sweating.

Homeostasis

• All homeostatic mechanisms share three components– A set point is the stable value for a characteristic– Receptors sense when the value of a characteristic

gets too far above or below the set point– Effectors cause responses to bring the

characteristic back to the set point

Practice time!

With a partner:

What do you think are the set point, receptors, and effectors that regulate body temperature? (Take an educated guess if you’re unsure!)

12/1/11

• Objective: To practice homeostatic mechanisms

• Do now: Take 3 packets from the front desk– Also take out your reading response questions

• Do later: Read and study section 1.6 (pg 8-14) in your packets

Negative Feedback Loop• We can draw this process in a negative

feedback loop

• Why is negative feedback an appropriate name for this process?

12/1/11

• Objectives: To review body cavities, membranes and organ systems

• Do now: Discuss with a partner what you recall about organ systems, body cavities and membranes (2 min)

• Do later: Review diagrams 2.1-2 and section 1.6. Complete parts A and B on pg. 17-18 of the lab packet– Quiz Thursday! (section 1.6)

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Body is divided into: – Axial portion (head, neck, trunk)– Appendicular portion (arms, legs)

Body Cavities and membranes

• What is a body cavity?– A hollow space in the body

that contains organs

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Major body cavities:– Cranial cavity (head)

– Vertebral canal (spine)

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Major body cavities:– Thoracic cavity• Bottom edge is defined by the diaphragm

– Mediastinum• Part of thoracic cavity that separates the lungs• Heart, esophagus, trachea

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Major body cavities– Abdominal cavity

• Region below diaphragm and above hips• Stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines

– Pelvic cavity• Region enclosed by hips• Bladder, internal reproductive organs, end of large intestine

– Abdominopelvic cavity • Both of the above

Body Cavities and Membranes

• The organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera

• Viscera = “guts” in Latin

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Organs and body cavities are lined with self lubricating membranes– Membranes protect organs and reduce friction

between organs as they expand and contract

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Two kinds of membranes – Parietal (outer) membranes are attached to the

walls of a body cavity– Visceral (inner) membranes directly enclose an

organ

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Membranes in the thoracic cavity are called pleura (singular pleurum)– Parietal pleura are attached to body wall– Visceral pleura are attached to organs– Space between visceral/parietal = pleural cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes

• The heart is surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium– Visceral/parietal pericardium– Pericardial cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called peritoneal membranes– Visceral/parietal– Peritoneal cavity

Organ systems

• Organ systems = collections of organs that work together to achieve a common function. – Your book outlines 11– These will be our main topics of study in this term

Muscular system

• The muscular system is composed of your muscles (obvi…)– Muscles expand and contract to enable motion.

They also generate body heat.

Nervous System

• Central nervous system = brain and spinal cord• Peripheral nervous system = nerves and sense

organs• Receive, interpret, and enable responses to

environmental stimuli

Endocrine system

• Composed of all glands that secrete hormones– Hormones are all chemicals that send signals to

distant parts of the body• Helps to regulate the body by sending

chemical messages via hormones.

Cardiovascular system

• Composed of heart, arteries, veins and capillaries

• Pumps blood throughout the body to transport oxygen and other nutrients

Lymphatic system

• Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

• Cells in this system fight off disease (this is part of the immune system)

Digestive system

• Composed of mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines

• Receives, breaks down, and absorbs food to go into the blood

Respiratory system

• Composed of mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs

• Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, CO2 out)

Urinary system

• Composed of kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra• Filters waste and water out of the blood and

channels them out of the body as urine

Reproductive system

• Composed of sex organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, penis, etc.)

• Produce sex cells (sperm, eggs) and support growing offspring