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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
What is Artificial Intelligence?
It is a young area of science (1956)
Its goals are what we consider Intelligent behaviour
There are many approaches from different points of view
It has received influence from very diverse areas (Philosophy,Mathematics, Psychology, Biology)
Involves many areas of work with generic goals (learning, perception,problem solving . . .) and specific goals (chess, diagnosis of diseases,driving cars, ...)
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
A definition of Artificial Intelligence
Systems that act like humans
“The study of how to make computersdo things at which, at the moment, peo-ple are better” (Rich & Knight, 1991)
Systems that think like humans
“The exciting new effort to make compu-ters think ... machines with minds, in thefull and literal sense” (Haugeland, 1985)
Systems that think rationally
“The study of mental faculties throughthe use of computational models” (Char-niak & McDermott, 1985)
Systems that act rationally
“Computational intelligence is the studyof the design of intelligent agents” (Poo-le et al, 1998)
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Systems that act like humans
The model is the human being, the goal is to build a system that canpass as human.
Turing’s Test: If a system pass the test is intelligent (?)
Abilities: Natural language processing, knowledge representation,reasoning, learning.
It is not the goal of AI to pass the test
The interaction between programs and people brings the necessity tomake programs that act like humans.
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Turing’s test
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Systems that think like humans
The model is how the human mind works
By experimentation we obtain a theory about how the mind works(psychological experiments)
From this theory we can build computational models
Cognitive science
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Systems that think rationally
The laws of rationality are based on logic
Formal logic has to be the basis of intelligent systems (Logicism)
There are two obstacles:
It is very difficult to formalize knowledge in logic languageThere is a great leap between the theoretical capacity of logic and itspractical application
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Systems that act rationally
To act rationally means to perform acts to achieve the best outcome,to obtain some goals given some beliefs
The paradigm is the agent
An agent perceives and act, accordingly to the environment it issituated
The capacities that are needed are the same than those to pass theTuring’s test: Natural language processing, knowledge representation,reasoning, learning, perception
It is a more general approach, not centered on the human model
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Is Artificial Intelligence possible?
The possibility to build an artificial intelligence raises some complexphilosophical problems
Are thinking machines conscious?
The chinese room, (Searle, 1980)
Is intelligence an emerging property of the biological elements thatsustains it?
There is no definitive conclusion
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction
The chinese room
+ −>
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence - Philosophy
Laws that govern the rational part
of the mind (logic)The mind is a physical system
Perception is the source of knowledge
(Induction)
Actions are justified by a connection bet-
ween goals and knowledge
Aristotle LlullLeibnizDecart
BaconHumeRussellAristotle
Are mechanical intelligences possible?
Knowledge = Logic Theories
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence - Mathematics
Mathematics
Logic
Boole Frege
Complexity
Godel Turing
Probability
Fermat Bernoulli Bayes
What are the rules of
reasoning?What is computable?
How to reason with uncer-
tainty?
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence (III)
Economics
¿How do we make decisions ...
that benefit us?against competitors?when there is not immediate benefit?
Decision theory/Game theory/Operations research
Neuroscience
How does the brain process information?
Neurons/Specialized areas in the brain
Psychology
How does people act and think?
Cognitive psychology/Cognitive science: Behavioural theories,foundations of rational behaviour
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence (IV)
Computer Science
In order AI to exist it is needed a physical device to support it(Hardware)
AI needs also software tools to develop intelligent systems
Control theory/Cybernetics
Development of autonomous systems
Linguistics
Chomsky: Knowledge representation, language grammar
Computational linguistics
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence
Areas of Artificial Intelligence
Basic areas
Knowledge representationAutomatic problem solving, heuristic search
Specific areas
Automatic planningNatural language processingAutomatic reasoningKnowledge based systemsPerceptionMachine learningIntelligent agents
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Autonomous robots
Autonomous Navigation Assistive Technologies
Complex tasks (vision, planning, coordination, real time, ...)
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Image recognition
Faces Medical Images
Hand writing recognition Object recognition
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Computer games
Path finding Strategy
Coordination, cooperation, learning, adaptation, ...
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Electronics appliances
Intelligent vacuum cleaners Cameras with face recognition
Apliances with intelligent control
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Interfaces/Recommendation/Personalization
Ambient Intelligence Recommendation/Personalization
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Areas of Artificial Intelligence Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Diagnostic/Control/Design/Planning systems
Industrials Processes
Medicine
Industrial Design
Logistics
Complex Processes
Intelligent Manufacturing
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