1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Objectives • Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI) • What is an Intelligent Artifact ? • How do we test for Intelligence ? Aim of this lecture • Allow the students to answer general AI questions • Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence • Introduce the terms to be used through the rest of the course Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence and Understanding • Intelligent Artifacts • Tests, Experiments and Conundrums • Conclusions Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Question 1 Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ? (survey) Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Question 2 What is Artificial Intelligence ? (ideas) Introduction to Artificial Intelligence A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Director: Steven Spielberg Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI): is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better Elaine Rich, 1991 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Transcript
1
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Objectives
• Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI)• What is an Intelligent Artifact ?• How do we test for Intelligence ?
Aim of this lecture• Allow the students to answer general AI questions • Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence• Introduce the terms to be used through the rest of the course
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Sections
• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Intelligent Artifacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Question 1
Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?
(survey)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Question 2
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
(ideas)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Director: Steven Spielberg
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI):is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better
Elaine Rich, 1991
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI):is a branch of computer science and engineering that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines.
Wikipedia
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
‘I think that...’‘You know about....’‘She is intelligent...’
To comprehend something, or to recognise its significance.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
What is Understanding ?
Understanding :
Usually Requires Knowledge
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Human Knowledge
•There is a lot of it.• It is hard to characterise accurately.• It is constantly changing.• It differs from data by being organised.
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Knowledge
Implicit - Explicit
Induced - Deduced
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
AI Techniques
Top Down - Expert Systems
Bottom Up - Neural Networks
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
N’Kisi
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Sections• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Intelligent Artifacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
Wolfgang von Kempelen
18th CenturyChess Automaton
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
No computer can play even an amateur-level game of chess.
Hubert Dreyfus, 1960’s
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
We commonly think a good chess player is
highly intelligent. Surely we cannot deny that such machines are
intelligent.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Why use AI to play games?
Games are an intelligent activities.
They provide a structured task in whichit is very easy to measure success or failure.
They do not require large amounts of knowledge. They were thought to be solvable by straightforward search from the starting state to a winning position.
Combinatorial Explosion ?
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Question 5
Is a chess machine intelligent ?
(survey)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Question 6
Is a thermostat intelligent ?
(ideas)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Dr. Sbaitso
Soundblaster
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
COG
MIT’s AI Lab
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Sections• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Intelligent Artefacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Turing TestA human is connected to a person and a machine via a terminal of some kind and cannot see either the person or machine. The interrogator's task is to find out which of the two candidates is the machine, and which is human only by asking them questions.
If the human cannot make a decision within a certain time, the machine is considered intelligent.
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
Turing Test
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Answer : ????
Turing Test
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Answer : 7.6803153
Turing Test
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Turing Test Homepage
http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Alice
http://www.alicebot.org/
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
My Little Tony
http://www.mylittletony.com/
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
JOHNSEARLE
Intentionality
Knowing what you are talking about
Chinese Room
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Daniel Dennett and his Zombie’s
These thought-experiments arise from a situation lifted directly out of the toolbox most philosophers of mind, today, carry with them on the job
Your brain starts to deteriorate and the doctors replace it, piecemeal, with silicon chip workalikes, until there is only silicon inside your refurbished cranium.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Sections• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Intelligent Artefacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceComputers can’t be intelligent -
argument 1To many people, AI is highly provocative, because they associate with intelligence other properties which human intelligence bestows,
Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceComputers can’t be intelligent -
argument 1To many people, AI is highly provocative, because they associate with intelligence other properties which human intelligence bestows, such as:- Sentience - experiencing feelings.- Self-awareness - being conscious of one’s own existence.- Intentionality - having the intention of ‘doing’something, to achieve some goal which in some way matters to the doer.
Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceComputers can’t be intelligent -argument 2One hundred years ago, anyone would have agreed that to play chess (or even calculate square roots) clearly required intelligence. Even today, if a chimpanzee were to play even poor chess, that would be heralded as proof of his intelligence. So why the difference?
Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceComputers can’t be intelligent -argument 2One hundred years ago, anyone would have agreed that to play chess (or even calculate square roots) clearly required intelligence. Even today, if a chimpanzee were to play even poor chess, that would be heralded as proof of his intelligence. So why the difference?The answer is that there are non-intelligent ways of achieving intelligent tasks.
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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
If computers can’t be intelligent - what then IS Artificial Intelligence?
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
If computers can’t be intelligent - what then IS Artificial Intelligence?
The moving goal-posts argument gives what for us is the best definition of AI in the general perception:
Artificial Intelligence is that which a computer can’t do!
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Machine Intelligence - what computers CAN do
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Machine Intelligence - what computers CAN do
Most AI developers have a pragmatic approach to Machine Intelligence:Machine Intelligence is where a computer is used to accomplish a task which, were it to be done by a human, would require intelligence.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
These problems won’t be solved soon, so don’t expect someone to tell you with certainty, whether a computer will be sentient.
Perhaps it is a meaningless question, and we’ve been deluded by misleading verbiage into taking it seriously. Perhaps it will be solved soon, perhaps it will never be solved.
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