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Introduction to Assistive Technology
Sarah EndicottKaren Milchus
Work RERC, GA Tech
November 3, 2010
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
2
Agenda
• Introduction• Overview of assessment methodology• Video• Workplace accommodations for:
Mobility impairments Dexterity impairments Sensory impairments Cognitive impairments
• Workplace accommodation resources• Discussion, questions
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
3
Learning Objectives
• Apply structured assessment methodologies to identify workplace accommodation needs
• Be able to list at least three workplace accommodations for multiple functional impairment categories including people with mobility, dexterity, sensory, and cognitive
• Demonstrate workplace accommodations that are applicable to a variety of work environments.
• Identify national, state, and local resources for workplace accommodations.
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
4
• Focus is on whether or not the individual can perform the essential functions of the job
• Must achieve a certain performance baseline
• Implementation may be time sensitive
• Work area may be public / shared
• Different approaches if employee is new / returning / ongoing part-time / full-time telecommuting self-employed
Workplace Characteristics
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Workplace Characteristics• Most private / public
employees Rights & responsibilities
under the ADA Cost / safety concerns Resources
• Workers’ compensation
• Federal employees
• Disabled veterans
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
6
Reasonable Accommodation
“Any change in the work environment or in the way things are customarily done that enables an individual with a disability to enjoy equal employment opportunities.” (Source: EEOC)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Follow Up
YesYes
Consider Confounding Factors
Family/Co-worker conflictsFunding restricts
Determine Solutions
Revise Solutions
Identify Goal
NoNo
Assess NeedsPerson
• Abilities/LimitationsActivity & Tasks
• Time/Quality/QuantityEnvironment
• Tools/Materials/Physical Space
Success?
The Accommodation Process
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Upper Extremity
• Lower Extremity
• Voice & Speech
• Vision
• Hearing
• Cognition
Person
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• A process to identify the particular activities and tasks that a person performs as part of their daily routine and determine their relative importance
• Most activities can be broken into many smaller, discrete, singular, specific tasks
• Conducted on the activity, not the person doing the activity• Activity analysis helps to identify:
Tasks, tools, materials and equipment Necessary skill level / potential training needs Critical tasks and processes
Activity Analysis
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Identifies environmental barriers so they can be removed
• Assessment team should be familiar with activity requirements
• Start with exterior aspects (e.g., entrance into building) and work inward (e.g., bathroom)
Environmental Assessment
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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1. Modify or revise the activity, task, or location.
2. Creative use of commercially available consumer and industrial goods not typically used together.
3. Use standard, commercially available technology (AT / AD / UD).
4. Modify existing commercial devices.
5. Design and fabricate custom devices and make physical changes to the built environment.
Accommodation Hierarchy
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Trial period may demonstrate whether accommodation works before investment made
• May need training on accommodation use
• May need multiple accommodations, change in accommodations (ongoing responsibility)
Implementation / Follow Up
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• “Richard”
• Paraplegia resulting from spinal aneurysm
• Difficulty with temperature regulation
• Good use of upper extremities
Photo courtesy of the Tampa Bay Hyatt
Regency
Video: Food Service
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
15
• Work goal: continue working in food service.
• Hands-On Educational Program
• Partnered with Grand Hyatt Regency
• Stayed at the hotel with discounted rate while Hyatt helped secure an apartment for Richard
• Hyatt modified a basket to carry knives
• Built work platform to increase height 8”
Video: Food Service
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Training program provided opportunity for prospective employer to observe the person’s skills and work ethic.
• Employer invested in employee by: Extending discounted hotel rate Provided modified basket and work platform Provided a loan for the apartment down payment
Video: Food Service
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
17
Motor Difficulties (Mobility)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Accommodation Strategies Minimize effort Reduce distance Eliminate barriers Use aids and assists
Motor Difficulties
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
19
Work RERC Accommodation Use Survey
Mobility Limitations
0102030405060708090
% under 55
% over 55
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
20
Changing Levels
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
21
Doorways
• Widen doorways
• Swing clear hinges
• Lever doorknobs
• Automatic door openers
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
22
Restroom Modifications
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
23
Mobility Aids• Cane
• Walker
• Wheelchair
• Scooter
• Seating
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Seating Systems
• Person can “age” into poor posture over time, which can easily be overlooked
• Proper posture can improve daily functioning and health Stabilization for task
performance Improve respiratory function Stimulate circulation
• Seating systems can be developed for use with almost any chair or scooter
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Wheelchair backpack
• Wheelchair shelf
• Laptray
• Trolley
• Reacher
Carrying / Reaching Aids
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Accommodation strategies:• Accessible route to and
from
• Adequate maneuvering space
• Appropriate support surface
• Accessible work surface
• Accessible tools and materials
Workstations
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Support Surface
• Provides the necessary postural stability
• Maximizes efficiency and productivity
• Maximizes comfort
• Minimizes potential for injury
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
28
Adjustable Seats
• Many office chairs offer adjustments to maximize support and comfort including: Seat height Seat depth Seat tilt Back height Arm rest height Arm rest width
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
29
http://www.asd.co.uk/special_needs/splitseat/splitseat.htm
http://www.officeorganix.com/NPAbstool.htm
http://www.officeorganix.com/HA1.htm
Alternative Chairs
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Work Surfaces
• Matches the necessary job activities
• Provides adequate room for tools and materials
• Accommodates selected support surface
• Maximizes productivity Height Slope
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Height adjustability Adjustment method W/C height req. differs by w/c
type
• Slope and positioning Adjustability based on job
duty Brings the work to the person
• Size and shape Customized systems
Work Surface Adjustments
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
32
Motor Difficulties (Dexterity)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
33
Dexterity: Accommodation Strategies
• Reduce force required to operate Light touch controls Alternative controls (ex. trackball vs. mouse) Take advantage of leverage
• Enlarge gripping / target surface
• Use a different ability Use auditory (ex. voice input)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
34
Work RERC Accommodation Use SurveyUpper Extremity Limitations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% under 55
% over 55
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Gripping Aids
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Carrying / Reaching Aids
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
37
Enlarged Target Surface
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Operating Systems:• Windows 2000, XP – Accessibility Wizard• Windows Vista / 7 – Ease of Access Center• Macintosh OS X
Included Features:• Adjust Keyboard / Mouse (e.g., ignore
repeated keystrokes, reverse mouse buttons)
• On-Screen Keyboard• Keyboard Control of Mouse
(MouseKeys)• Voice Input (Vista or higher)
Computer Access – Built-In Features
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
39
Alternative Keyboards / Mice
• Maximize use of remaining motor abilities with devices which require a smaller range of motion, have bigger / smaller targets, etc.
Datalux SpaceSaver (compact) keyboard
Trackball &Touchpad
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
40
Keyboards / Mice (Hands-Free)
• Other body parts can operate cursor control devices
• Onscreen / virtual keyboards allow a person to type with a mouse or other cursor control device
Head-controlled mouseOnscreen keyboard
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
41
• Works with or without keyboard and mouse (but it is good to have a backup)
• Need to “train” the software
• Reasonably priced
Works best with: Consistent, fluid speech People comfortable with
computers People attentive to detail People not upset when
computer guesses a word wrong
Voice Recognition System
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
42
Keyboard Trays
• Wireless keyboard and mice allow for less interference
• Keyboard trays offer multiple adjustments for changing postures
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
43
Vision Difficulties
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
44
Vision: Accommodation Strategies
Maximize use of remaining vision
• Change color / contrast to enhance visibility (ex: high contrast #s)
• Change size (ex: larger #s)
Use a different ability• Use auditory (ex: voice dialing)
• Use tactile (ex: tactile labels) Problem: Visibility of numbers when dialing
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
45
Work RERC Accommodation Use SurveyVisual Limitations (N=57)
01020304050607080
altern
ate form
ats
built-in fe
atures
computer o
utput
reading devic
es
reloc/ mod devic
es
vision dev
ices
% under 55
% over 55
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
46
• Adjust color / contrast for printed and electronic materials
• Lighting (and glare reduction)
• Stands to bring materials close
Enhance Visibility (Low Vision)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
47
Desktop & Portable CCTVs / Video Magnifiers
Screen Magnification Software
Standard Desktop Magnifier
Enlarge Information (Low Vision)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
48
Considerations:• Is vision functional?
• Familiar
• Minimal training
• Compatible w/ graphics; uses beyond print
• Don’t reformat docs
• See only part of doc. (navigation difficult)
• Desktop / portable, but portable versions have limited viewing area
Magnification
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Screen reader
Audio books
Digital recorder
Talking digital
caliper
Use Auditory Channels
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Screen Reading
• Software plus speech synthesizer (using built in sound card) reads lines, words or individual letters
• Reads icon and picture labels if tagged appropriately
• Keyboard commands used to control software, menus
• Significant learning curve
Related technology: talking word processors provide audio feedback along with visual cues for people with literacy issues (e.g., Write: Outloud)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
51
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)• Scanner takes picture of
document; OCR converts into electronic text
• Considerations: Used with “computer”;
(inc. smart phone) Once in e-format, have
many access options Different versions for blind
vs. learning disabilities
K-NFB Reader
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
52
Adhesive bumps and tactile paint
Velcro tactile cues
Braille labels
Braille notetaker Braille labels
Braille notetaker
Adhesive bumps & tactile paint
Velcro tactile cues
Use Tactile Channels
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
53
Hearing Difficulties
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
54
Hearing: Accommodation Strategies
• Maximize use of remaining hearing
Enhance sounds (ex: amplify, isolate)
• Use a different ability
Convey information visually (ex: text, sign language)
Convey information tactilely (ex: vibration)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
55
Work RERC Accommodation Use SurveyHearing Impairments (N=56)
05
101520253035404550
% under 55
% over 55
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Amplify or Isolate Sounds
Hearing Aid
Assistive Listening Devices
Amplified Stethoscope
Phone Ring AmplifierHearing Aid
Phone Ring Amplifier
Assistive Listening Devices
Amplified Stethoscope
http://facstaff.uww.edu/bradleys/radio/fm/
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
57
TTY/TDD
Text/ Instant Messaging
Video Phone
Wireless Chat – Face-to-FaceText / Instant Message
Wireless ChatFace-to-Face
TTY/TDD Video Phone
Visual Communication
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
58
Cognitive Difficulties
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Perception: accurately senses & understands info. Aids similar to AT for sensory impairments
• Memory: stores and retrieves info. accurately Aids inc. recording systems and reminders
• Processing: correctly uses available information Aids inc. guides, checklists, simplified methods
• Expression: demonstrates thoughts or feelings through verbal/non-verbal means Aids similar to AT for communication, also behavior
training
Cognition & Cognitive Aids
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Cognition: Accommodation Strategies
• Minimize cognitive load Minimize competing info. Emphasize relevant info. Establish habitual patterns
• Minimize the need to read & understand language Supplement text with audio or other visuals Minimize calculations
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
61
Work RERC Accommodation Use SurveyMental Function Limitation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% under 55
% over 55
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
62
• Reminders at set times• Reminders for later recall
• Low to high tech• Consider info. format
Paging service
Paging serviceDigital recorder
(motion activated)
Reminders
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Sequencing AidsSequencing aids list task steps, sometimes providing picture and/or audio prompts Videos available to review
ahead of performing task (training tools)
Checklists as tasks are completed
Extra help if something falls outside normal pattern
High tech – PDA• Visual Assistant (AbleLink
Tech.)• Picture Scheduler (iPod app.)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
64
Software Features
• Simplified interfaces
• Picture cues for sender / recipient
• Talking: send recorded messages; software speaks incoming messages
Example Products
• ICanEmail (R.J. Cooper)
• Web Trek Connect (AbleLink Tech.)
Reduce Literacy Demand (Email)
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
65
Other Strategies/ Accommodations
• Establish habitual patterns Keep materials in set location
(ex: Shadow board)
• Turn calculation/measurement tasks into visual tasks Hardware counters Container with fill line Jig for folding letters
Acknowledgements:• T.K. Martin Center for Tech. & Disability
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
66
Additional Resources
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
67
• assistivetech.net / ATWiki – AT and disability-related resources www.assistivetech.net
• RESNA – Rehab. Engineering & Assistive Technology Society of N. America www.resna.org
• Job Accommodation Network (JAN) – Free consulting service on worksite accommodation solutions http://www.jan.wvu.edu
• Computer / Electronic Accommodations Program (CAP) – AT services for some federal employees
www.tricare.mil/cap/
Researching Accommodations
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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State AT Act Projects
www.resnaprojects.org/nattap/at/statecontacts.html
• In Georgia: Tools for Life - www.gatfl.org
• Common services include:
Opportunities to try out equipment (e.g., loan closets)
Assistance with finding funding (e.g., Georgia “Dollars & Sense Funding Guide”)
Promoting equipment exchanges, recycling
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
69
AbilityOne Program: NIB & NISH
• Formerly Javits-Wagner-O’Day Act (JWOD) Provides for federal procurement of goods & services
from qualified non-profit agencies Direct labor force includes at least 75% people with
disabilities
• NIB & NISH develop employment opportunities for people with disabilities by assisting with process development on these contracts www.nib.org www.nish.org Funds available for accommodations
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
70
• Employer! Required to pay for reasonable accommodations /
accommodations related to job tasks Work RERC research: employer paid for all or some of
accommodations 63% of time Tax Incentives
• Vocational Rehabilitation (33%)
• Employee (46%) PASS Low-interest loans
Work – Funding
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
71
(PASS)• People on Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
• Set aside income for items needed to achieve a work goal (accessible vehicle, computer, work tools / uniforms)
• Those costs excluded from income calculations of whether person qualifies for SSI
• www.socialsecurity.gov/disabilityresearch/wi/pass.htm
Plan to Achieve Self-Support
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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• Provides low-interest loans through participating credit unions to fund AT
• Available in several states: Georgia: Credit-Able www.resnaprojects.org/AFTAP/state/RESNA.html
• Doesn’t need to be linked to employment
• Examples: modified vehicles, home mods, computer equipment & software, hearing aids, recreational equipment
Alternative Financing for AT
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
73
Question and Answer
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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THANK YOU!
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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TACE Center: Region IV Toll-free: (866) 518-7750 [voice/tty]
Fax: (404) 541-9002
Web: TACEsoutheast.org
My TACE Portal: TACEsoutheast.org/myportal
Email: [email protected]
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Education CreditsCRCC Credit - (1.5)Approved by Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor
Certification (CRCC) • By Friday, November 12, 2010, participants must
score 80% or better on a online Post Test and submit an online CRCC Request Form via the MyTACE Portal.
My TACE Portal: TACEsoutheast.org/myportal
**For CRCC credit, you must reside in the 8 U.S. Southeast states served by the TACE Region IV [AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN]. If beyond TACE Region IV, you may apply for CEU credit.
TACE Center: Region IV, a project of the Burton Blatt Institute.Funded by RSA Grant # H264A080021. © 2010 All Rights Reserved
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Copyright Information
This work is the property of the TACE Center: Region IV. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for non-commercial, educational purposes, provided that this copyright statement appears on the reproduced materials and notice is given that the copying is by permission of the authors. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the authors.
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Disclaimer
This presentation was developed by the TACE Center: Region IV ©2010 with funds from the U.S. Department of Education, Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) under the priority of Technical Assistance and Continuing Education Projects (TACE) – Grant #H264A080021. However, the contents of this presentation do not necessarily represent the policy of the RSA and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government [34 CFR 75.620 (b)].