Introduction to Introduction to BiotechnologyBiotechnology

~manipulating and analyzing DNA~manipulating and analyzing DNA

Uses of BiotechnologyUses of Biotechnology

Analyzing human DNAAnalyzing human DNA Genetic diseasesGenetic diseases

DNA fingerprintingDNA fingerprinting ForensicsForensics

The Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project Identifying all genes in the human genomeIdentifying all genes in the human genome

Gene therapyGene therapy Curing diseaseCuring disease

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

Definition: introducing a set of genetic information Definition: introducing a set of genetic information directly into an organisms DNAdirectly into an organisms DNA

How is this done?How is this done? With use of restriction enzymesWith use of restriction enzymes

Restriction EnzymesRestriction Enzymes

Proteins originally Proteins originally made to protect made to protect against viruses against viruses

RE’s chop DNA at RE’s chop DNA at specific sequences specific sequences called called recognition recognition sitessites

The “Ends”The “Ends”Two types of RE cuts…Two types of RE cuts… ““Sticky” ends leave exposed bases ready to hydrogen Sticky” ends leave exposed bases ready to hydrogen

bondbond ““Blunt” ends leave NO bases exposedBlunt” ends leave NO bases exposed

DNA ligase joins “the ends” of cut DNA togetherDNA ligase joins “the ends” of cut DNA together

DNA RecombinationDNA Recombination

DNA fragments cannot function all by DNA fragments cannot function all by themselvesthemselves

They must become part of the genetic They must become part of the genetic material of LIVING cells before the genes material of LIVING cells before the genes they contain can be activatedthey contain can be activated

DNA fragments + DNA from a living cell = DNA fragments + DNA from a living cell = Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA

PlasmidsPlasmids

Circular double-stranded DNA (bacterial)Circular double-stranded DNA (bacterial)

Used in biotechnology because they are Used in biotechnology because they are circular, small, and replicate on their own circular, small, and replicate on their own

Back to Genetic Engineering…Back to Genetic Engineering…

Steps: using insulin (for sufferers of diabetes) as Steps: using insulin (for sufferers of diabetes) as an examplean examplea) Cut open a) Cut open plasmidplasmid and and DNA with gene DNA with gene encoding for insulinencoding for insulin with RE with REb) Mix cut b) Mix cut plasmidplasmid with cut with cut DNADNA (they have the (they have the same same stickysticky ends) ends)c) Seal with c) Seal with ligaseligased) Insert recombinant DNA into bacteriad) Insert recombinant DNA into bacteriae) Recombinant DNA replicates and bacteria e) Recombinant DNA replicates and bacteria dividesdividesf) DNA is transcribed and translated = insulinf) DNA is transcribed and translated = insulin

Engineering New OrganismsEngineering New Organisms

Transgenic Organisms:Transgenic Organisms: Organisms that contain Organisms that contain

“foreign” DNA are termed “foreign” DNA are termed transgenictransgenic

May be bacteria, plants, May be bacteria, plants, or animalsor animals

Examples of GFP gene Examples of GFP gene

This All Involves One Thing…This All Involves One Thing…

DNA SequencingDNA Sequencing: : reading or identifying reading or identifying the sequence of the sequence of bases along the bases along the length of a DNA length of a DNA molecule AND molecule AND understanding what understanding what that sequence codes that sequence codes for…for…