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Introduction to Botany
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
Lectures 27–29
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures 27–29 1 / 61
Outline
1 Plant diversitySystematicsKingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
2 Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plantsMossesFernsClassis Equsetopsida, horsetailsHeterosporyMore “ferny” ferns
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures 27–29 2 / 61
Outline
1 Plant diversitySystematicsKingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
2 Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plantsMossesFernsClassis Equsetopsida, horsetailsHeterosporyMore “ferny” ferns
Shipunov (MSU) Introduction to Botany Lectures 27–29 2 / 61
Plant diversity Systematics
Plant diversitySystematics
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Plant diversity Systematics
Basics of systematics
Terms covered:
Systematics = taxonomySpecies, taxonomic hierarchyTaxon, rank = category, classificationKingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesSubclass, subfamily and other intermediate ranksSubspecies and cultivars
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Plant diversity Systematics
Biological nomenclature
Terms covered:
Binomial name, species epithet, reference = citationSynonyms, priority (older names have preference), starting dates(1753 for plants)
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Plant diversity Systematics
Examples
Example 1 Example 2
Kingdom Regnum Vegetabilia Animalia
Phylum Phylum Spermatophyta Chordata
Class Classis Angiospermae (Magnoliopsida) Mammalia
Order Ordo Liliales Primates
Family Familia Asparagaceae Hominidae
Genus Genus Chlorophytum Homo
Species Species Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq. 1862 Homo sapiens L.
Species name︷ ︸︸ ︷Chlorophytum︸ ︷︷ ︸
Genus name
comosum︸ ︷︷ ︸Species epithet
(Thunb.)︸ ︷︷ ︸First author
Jacq.︸ ︷︷ ︸Second author
1862︸ ︷︷ ︸Year of description
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Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
Plant diversityKingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
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Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
General life cycle
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Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
Life cycle of land plants
Terms covered:
Sporophyte and gametophyteGametangia: archegonium and antheridiumSpermatozoa and oocyte (egg cell)Embryo and parasitic sporophytePredominance of sporophyte or gametophyte
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Plant diversity Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants
Life cycle of land plants: differences
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Kingdom Vegetabilia, landplantsMosses
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Three main phyla
Bryophyta: gametophyte predominancePteridophyta: sporophyte predominance, no seedSpermatophyta: sporophyte predominance, seed
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Bryophyta
≈ 20,000 speciesSporic life cycle with gametophyte predominanceSporophyte reduced to sporogon (sporangium with seta), usuallyachlorophyllous, parasiticNo roots, only rhizoid cells (long hairy dead cells capable forapoplastic transport)Poikilohydric plantsGametophyte starts development from protonema
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Protonema
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Life cycle of mosses
Covers: sporogon, biflagellate spermatozoa, the conflict betweenwater cross-fertilization and wind distribution of spores which may be
considered as “evolutionary dead end”.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Three main kinds (subphyla) of mosses
Hepaticae—liverworts. Three classes, most primitive areHaplomitriopsida. Body leafy or thalloid, usually has dorsal andventral parts, sporogon bag-like, without columella, spores withelaters.Bryophytina—true mosses. Six classes, most important areSphagnopsida (peat mosses), Polytrichopsida (haircap mosses)and Bryopsida. Body radial, sporogon long, with columella, sporeswithout elaters.Anthocerotophytina—hornworts. One class. Body flattened(thallus), sporogon long, green, sometimes branched, withcolumella and stomata, spores with elaters.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Mosses in the “evolutionary dead end”
They resolved “skyscrapers problem” via gametophyte, notsporophyteGametophyte needs water fertilization, which restricts the size andalso requires the dense growingAlso, root system is absent: this is an additional size restrictionIf sexual organs appear on the bottom of leafy shoot, sporogon(sporophyte) could not distribute spores with a windThe only way out is to “start over” from thallus and makesporophyte (which was highly specialized for the sporedistribution) a main stage and reduce gametophyte
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Haplomitrium gibbsiae, primitive liverwort
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Elaters of liverworts (Lepidozia sp.)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Sphagnum sp. (Bryophyta, Sphagnopsida) withsporogons
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Dawsonia superba (Bryophyta, Polytrichopsida)—thelargest moss with vascular system
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Bryum capillare (Bryophyta, Bryopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Mosses
Leiosporoceros dussii (Bryophyta,Anthocerotopsida)—primitive hornwort
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Kingdom Vegetabilia, landplantsFerns
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Pteridophyta: ferns and allies
≈ 12,000 species and six classesSporic life cycle with sporophyte predominanceGametophyte is often reduced to prothallium (small hornwort-likeplant), some Pteridophyta have male and female gametophytesHave true roots (only whisk ferns, Psilotopsida are exception)Homoiohydric plants (same as seed plants)Sporophyte always starts development from embryo located ongametophyteHave true xylem and phloem, but do not have secondarythickening (exceptions: fossils and extant Isoëtes and Botrychium)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Pteridophyta classes
Subphylum Lycopodiophytina (lycophytes)
Class Lycopodiopsida
Subphylum Pteridophytina (monilophytes)
Class Equisetopsida (horsetails)Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns)Class Ophioglossopsida (ophioglossalean ferns)Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns)Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Lycopodiopsida
Four main genera (Huperzia, Lycopodium, Selaginella andIsoëtes) and ≈ 1000 speciesSeparate, microphyllous* lineage of Pteridophyta (all othergroups are megaphyllous)Sporangia associated with leaves and often form strobilus*.Spermatozoon typically with two flagella (like in mosses).Homosporous genera have achlorophyllous, mycoparasiticunderground gametophyte.In the past, were dominant trees of Carboniferous tropical swampforests (lepidodendrids) and their remains became a coalTwo genera, Selaginella (spike moss) and Isoëtes (quillwort) areheterosporous.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Tropical lycophyte, Huperzia linifolia
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Phylloglossum drummondii, one of smallest lycophytes
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Before: Chicago 300 Million Years Ago(lepidodendrids)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
After: quillwort, aquatic lycophyte Isoëtes sp.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Ferns
Pteridophyta classes
Subphylum Lycopodiophytina (lycophytes)[Microphyllous]
Class Lycopodiopsida
Subphylum Pteridophytina (monilophytes)[Megaphyllous]
Class Equisetopsida (horsetails)Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns)Class Ophioglossopsida (ophioglossalean ferns)Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns)Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Kingdom Vegetabilia, landplants
Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Equisetopsida
Small group of one genus, Equisetum with ≈ 30 speciesLeaves are reduced into scales, stems are segmented,photosynthetic. Have specific stele—artrostele with specificcentral and peripheral canals (similar to stele of some grasses)Sporangia associated with specialized leaves—sporangiophores.Spores have attached elaters. Gametophyte minute, usuallydioecious but plants are homosporous
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Strobili and sporangiophores of Equisetum arvense
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Equisetum giganteum
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Equisetum sp. elaters
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Artrostele
(please ignore labels)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Classis Equsetopsida, horsetails
Horsetail gametophytes
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory
Kingdom Vegetabilia, landplants
Heterospory
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory
Horsetails start it: spores same, gametophytesdifferent
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory
Heterosporic cycle: differences
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory
Heterospory
Heterosporous ferns (lycophytes Selaginella and Isoëtes,monilophytes Salvinia, Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium and Azolla)went one step further and made their spores different too. It will allowthe better allocation of resources and will restrict the self-fertilization.
Terms covered:
Male gametophyte, female gametophyteMicrospores and microsporangiumMegaspores and megasporangium
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory
Life cycle of land plants
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants Heterospory
Heterosporic cycle: differences
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Kingdom Vegetabilia, landplants
More “ferny” ferns
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Psilotopsida
Small tropical group of two genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris and7 speciesHave protostele (like lycophytes), underground long-livedgametophytes but multiflagellate spermatozoa (like horsetails andall “higher” ferns). Sporangia unite into synangia. Leaves mayabsent (Psilotum) and replaced with enatia.Externally remain fossil rhyniophytes, the oldest extinctPteridophyta
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Hawaiian Psilotum complanatum
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
New Zealand Tmesipteris tannensis with doublesynangium
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Ophioglossopsida
Small group (Ophioglossum, Botrychium, Mankyua andHelminthostachys) and ≈ 75 speciesAlways have underground rhizome and aboveground bisectedleaves: one half is the leaf blade and other half issporangiophore. Gametophytes grow underground.Some (namely, Botrychium, grape fern) have secondarythickening of underground rhizome.Ophioglossum vulgatum, adder’s tongue fern, has 2n = 1360, thelargest chromosome number ever.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Ophiloglossum vulgatum, 2n = 1360 hero
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Helminthostachys zeylanicum (Ophioglossopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Mankyua chejuense (Ophioglossopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Marattiopsida
Tropical ferns, several genera with ≈ 100 speciesBiggest ferns, one leaf (frond) could be 6 m length, but stems aresmaller. Leaves with stipules.Sporangia (eusporangia like in all other Pteridophyta except“true” ferns) usually unite in synangia, gametophytes 1-2 cm indiameter, photosynthetic, terrestrial, usually long-lived.In a past, also were dominants of Carboniferous swamp forests.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Angiopteris sp. (Marattiopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Synangia of Danaea nodosa (Marattiopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Pteridopsida
“True” ferns, about 10,000 species.Leaves are fronds, with apical growth. Young leaves are coiled infiddleheads.Sporangia have one-celled wall (leptosporangia) and grouped insori (often covered with indusium)Gametophyte minute, grow aboveground. Some genera of fernsare heterosporous.Bracken fern, Pteridium acquilinum, is the most widespread plantof the world.Many ferns have various vegetative reproduction.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Sorus, indusium, leptosporangium and annulus
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Heterosporous fern Marsilea quadrifolia,the Shamrock. Well, almost...
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
Young leaves of bracken fern: Korean “gosari”
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Kingdom Vegetabilia, land plants More “ferny” ferns
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Introduction to Botany [Electronic resource].Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_154
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