Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach Chapter 1: Introduction Outline Introduction What Is a Computer? Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Programming Languages Machine Code, Assembly Languages and High- Level Languages. The History of C Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Compilation-Based Execution of Programs Executing Programs Using an Interpreter A C/C++ Interpreter Ch
Transcript
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Chapter 1: IntroductionOutline Introduction What Is a Computer? Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Programming Languages Machine Code, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages.
The History of C Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Compilation-Based Execution of Programs Executing Programs Using an Interpreter A C/C++ Interpreter Ch
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Introduction• We will learn the C programming language
– Learn structured programming and proper programming techniques.
– Introduction to numerical computing in Ch.
– Introduction to MATLAB in comparison study with C.
• The prerequisite is trigonometry– No prior programming experience is required.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
What is a Computer?
• Computer – A computer is a machine that manipulates data based on a list of
instructions called program. – A computer consists of hardware and software.
• Computer Hardware – Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer.– A typical computer consists of central processing unit (CPU),
main memory and external memory , and input and output devices.
– A CPU consists of control unit (CU), arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), and registers.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Samples of Computer Hardware
A single board computer and a tiny computer.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
The von Newmann Computer Architecture
Both programs and data are stored in the same memory
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Major Components of a Computer
1. Input devices• Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
2. Output devices• Outputs information (to screen, printer, control other devices)
3. Main memory• Installs programs and data for rapid access
4. CPU: 4.1 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
4.2 Control unit (CU) • Supervises and coordinates activities of the computer4.3 Registers Fast memory
5. External memory • Store programs and data permanently (hard disks, CDs, USB)
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Hardware Trends
Moore’s Law (1965):
The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit increases exponentially, doubling approximately every two years.
Based on Moore’s law, every two years, the following approximately double:
– CPU speed at which computers execute their programs.– The amount of main memory.– The amount of secondary memory.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Computer SoftwareComputer software refers to a collection of computer programs that can be loaded into main memory and executed in the CPU of a computer.
Computer software can be classified as operating system and application software.
An operating system is a software program for management and coordination of activities and sharing the resources of a computer.
Application software refers to programs developed to assist users in completing specific tasks.
A process: a running program.
Software is harder than hardware.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Interaction of Users and Computer Hardware through Software
Two interface methods:(1) Command shell(2) Graphical user interface (GUI)
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Graphical User Interface
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Command Shells and Their Inventors
• Bourne shell (sh) Stephen Bourne
• C shell (ch) Bill Joys
• Korn shell (ksh) David Korn
• BASH shell (sh, bash) Brian J. Fox
• Ch (C/C++) shell (ch) Harry H. Cheng
• MS-DOS shell (cmd, command) Tim Paterson
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Using commands pwd, cd, and ls to print the working directory, change directory, and list files in the Ch home directory.
The memory addresses, machine code, and assembly code corresponding to a C statement a = a + 8 for the Rabbit3000 8-bit microprocessor.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
High-level Computer Languages and Their Inventors
• FORTRAN John W. Backus, 1954
• BASIC George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz, 1964
• Pascal Nicolas Wirth
• C Dennis M. Ritchie
• C++ Bjarne Stroustrup
• Java James Gosling
• C# Anders Hejlsberg
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
History of C• C
– Invented by Ritchie based on B, a simplified version of BCPL.– Used to develop Unix operating system and Unix commands– Most system software such as OS are written in C or C++– Replacement for assembly language for hardware interface.– By late 1970's C had evolved to “K & R C“
• C Standards– 1st C standard created in 1989 by ANSI, ratified by ISO in 1990. It is called C89. Some call it C90.– 2nd C standard was ratified in 1999, called C99. Numerical extensions such as complex numbers, variable length
arrays, and IEEE floating-point arithmetic are major enhancement in C99. C99 will be pointed out whenever features in C99 only are presented.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Structured Programming in C
– A disciplined approach to writing programs in C.
– Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Object-Oriented Programming
• Objects – Software components that model items in the
real world• Modular with meaningful software units
• Reusable
– More understandable, better organized, and easier to develop and maintain than procedural programming
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
C++ Language
– “C with classes” invented by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in 1980s.– Powerful object-oriented capabilities polymorphism inheritance information hiding– C++ is very powerful, but too complicated. Without a solid foundation
in C, it is impossible to master object-oriented features of C++.– C++ is a superset of C89– C++ is no longer a superset of C99
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
C/C++ Are Dominant Languages in Industry and University
– Most large-scale projects are written in C/C++
– Most off-the-shell software packages are written in C/C++
– Real-time and embedded computing
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Phases of Compilation-Based Execution of a Program
1. Edit
2. Compile
3. Link
4. Execute
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Compilation-Based Execution of a C Program
Creating an executable program from a C program using compiler and linker in Windows.
Executing the created executable program.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Scripting Languages and Their Inventors
• Tcl/Tk John Ousterhout
• Python Guido van Rossum
• Perl Larry Walls
• PHP Rasmus Lerdorf
• Ruby Yukihiro Matsumoto
• Ch (C/C++) Harry Cheng
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Ch versus Other Languages
Ch is a C/C++ interpreter. It is especially suitable
for learning computer programming in C and C++.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Phases of Interpreter-Based Execution of a Program
1. Edit
2. Execute
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Interpretive Execution of a C Program
Executing a C program using an interpreter.
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
Array-Based Mathematical Software and Their Inventors
• MATLAB Cleve Moler and others
• Mathematica Stephen Wolfram and others
• Ch (C/C++) Harry H. Cheng
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
‡ Slides for optional topics in C
Created by Harry H. Cheng, 2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach
