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Reference Textbooks
Cell BiologyCell Biology2002by Thomas D. Pollard and William C. Earnshaw
Molecular Biology of The CellMolecular Biology of The Cell 4th Ed.2002by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis
Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson
Molecular Cell BiologyMolecular Cell Biology 6th Ed. 2008by Harvey Lodish, Arnikd Berk, Paul Matsudaira,
Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Matthew P.Scott, Lawrence Zipursky, James Darnell
BiologyBiology 6th Ed. 2002by George B. Johnson and Peter H. Raven
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Biology
Historical event
chemistry physics
Origin and evolution of life on earth
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The Central dogma of living Cells-1
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Cells come in an astounding assortment of shapes and sizes.c d
(c) Blood cells; (d) Fossilized dinosaur eggs.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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A single cell, the human egg (~200 m), with sperm, which arealso single cells. From the union of an egg and sperm will arisethe 10 trillion cells of a human body.
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Basic cellular architecture.A. A section through a eukaryoticcell showing the internal components.B and C. Comparing cells
from the major branches of the phylogenetic tree with color-
coded components.Cell Biology, Ch 1, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
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The biological universe consistsof two types of cells:
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
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12Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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many proteins are preciselylocalized in their aqueous
interior, orcytosol, indicatingthe presence of internalorganization.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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14Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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cytoplasm, comprising thecytosol(aqueous phase)
and theorganelles.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Prokaryotic cells consist of a single closedcompartment that is surrounded by theplasmamembrane, lacks a definednucleus, and has arelatively simple internal organization.
Eukaryotic cells contain a defined membrane-boundnucleus and extensive internal membranes thatenclose other compartments, theorganelles.
Prokaryotic cells have a simpler internal organization
than eukaryotic cells.
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Cell
NOYESCytoskeleton
NOYESCompartmentalized
Prokaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
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18Cell Biology, Ch 1, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
Electron micrograph of a liver cell showing organelles.
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Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum
GolgiGolgiapparatusapparatus
LysosomesLysosomes
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes
Nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
The site of protein and phospholipid synthesis
An organelle that adds sugars to proteins(membrane, lysosomal and secretory proteins)
A compartment for digestive enzymes
Containers for enzymes involved in oxidative reaction
Structures that convert energy stored in thechemical bonds of nutrients into ATP
MitochondriaMitochondria
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Membranes
Allow cells to create an internal environment
Divide into compartments-organelles
Impermeableto macromolecules andselectively permeableto ions
Biological membranes are generally:
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Biological Membranes
A bilayer of lipids
Integral proteins crossing the bilayer
Peripheral proteins associated with the
surfaces
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Development of ideas about membrane structure
1920s
Cellular membranes consist of lipid bilayers
1930sA surface coating of proteins to reinforce the bilayer
Electron micrographs: a pair of dark linesElectron micrographs: a pair of dark lines
separated by a lucent areaseparated by a lucent area
1970sProteins cross the lipid bilayer
Electron micrographs with freezeElectron micrographs with freeze--fracturingfracturing
technique:technique: protein particles embedded in the lipidbilayer
Chemical labeling of membrane proteins:Chemical labeling of membrane proteins:proteins traverse the bilayer
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23Cell Biology, Ch 6, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
Development of concepts
in membrane structure.
A.A. GorderGorderandandGrendelGrendelmodelmodel
from 1926.from 1926.
B.B. DavsonDavsonandandDanielliDanielli modelmodel
from 1943.from 1943.
C.C. Singer and NicholsonSinger and Nicholson fluidfluid
mosaic modelmosaic model fromfrom1972.1972.
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Development of concepts in membrane structure.
D.D. Contemporary model with peripheral and integral membraneContemporary model with peripheral and integral membrane
proteins.proteins.Cell Biology, Ch 6, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
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Fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.
Most membrane: 50% protein : 50% lipid (5-10% of mass is glycoproteinsand glycopeptides)
1 molecule of protein v.s. 50-100 molecules
* Dissociated from the
membrane following
treatments with
polar reagents;
* Soluble in aqueous
buffers;
* Not inserted intothe hydrophobic
interior of the lipid
bilayer
* Released by treatments that disrupt
the phospholipid bilayer;
* Inserted into the lipid bilayer
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Mobility of membrane proteins
Not all proteins are able to diffuse freely
through the membrane; restricted by
* association with the c y t o s k e l et o n ;* other m e m b r a n e p r o t e i n s ;
* proteins ont h e s u r f a c e o f a d j ac e n t c e l l s
* proteins on t he ext r acel lular mat r ix
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Drawing of the lipid composition of a plasma membrane illustrating
the heterogeneity of the lipids and the asymmetrical distribution ofthe lipids between the two halves of the bilayer.
Cell Biology, Ch 6, by Pollard and Earnshaw, 2002
SM: sphingomyelin; GS: glycosphingolipid; PC: phosphatidylcholine;
PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PS: phosphatidylserine.
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28Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 5, 2004
Some membrane lipids and proteins colocalize in lipidrafts.
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Membrane Proteins
In t e g r al m em b r a n e p r o t e in s
cross the lipid bilayer
L i p i d a n c h o r ed m em b r a n e p r o t ei n s
bound covalently to one or more
lipid molecules.
P er i p h e r al m em b r a n e p r o t ei n s associate with the inside or outside
surface of the bilayer
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Diagram of how various classes of proteins associate
with the lipid bilayer.
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All Cells
Signals
Receive Respond
Gases to proteins
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Temperature, Osmotic stress, Light,Mechanical force, Gases, Nutrients,
Attractants, Hormones, Cells, ECMECM: extracellular matrix
Cellular activitiesProtein synthesis, Mobility, Proliferation,
Energy metabolism...
Environmental conditions
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An inducing signal can be transmitted from one
cell to another in three main ways
(Wolpert, Ch1, 2002)
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Cell communication.
Ligands and receptors.
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External signals commonly cause a change in the activity of
preexisting proteins or in the amounts and types of proteins thatcells produce.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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During growth, eukaryotic cells continually progress through the
four stages of the cell cycle, generating new daughter cells.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Dad made you a boy or girl.
Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Apoptotic cells break apart without spewing forth cell constituents
that might harm neighboring cells.Molecular Cell Biology, Ch 1, 2004
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Definitions and General Concepts About
Stem Cells
Totipotent: Able to give rise to all embryonic and extra-embryonic cell types, i.e.a cell that can producean entire organism.In the mouse, only a zygote and a blastomere from a 2-cell stage embryowould be considered totipotent.
Pluripotent:Able to give rise to all cell types of the embryoproper, i.e.the derivatives of all three germ layers; that is, essentiallyall cell types that are found in the adult organism. An embryonic stem cellwould be a typical example of a pluripotent cell and it is not the the onlypluripotent cell type.
Cell 116:639-648, 2004.
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Definitions and General Concepts About
Stem Cells
Multipotent: Able to give rise to a subset of cell lineages, i.e.angive rise to multiple cell types, but these would nevertheless berestricted to derivatives of a single germ layer (for example, amesenchymal cell that is able to differentiate into fibroblasts, adipocytes,chondrocytes, muscle cells and so on) or to a specific sublineage (forexample, haematopoietic stem cells that give rise to erythrocytes,
leucocytes and lymphocytes).
Oligopotent: Able to give rise to a more restricted subset of celllineages than multipotent stem cells.
Unipotent: Able to contribute to only one mature cell type.
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It might one day be possible to manipulate ES cells so that theyand their derivatives form a complete conceptus without any
contribution from an embryo. At that point ES cells could be
called totipotent, but until then this term is best avoided whendescribing ES cells.
Nullipotent:Mouse embryonal carcinoma cells are usually able to
differentiate into several cell types. However, some embryonalcarcinoma cell lines lose the capacity for differentiation on
prolonged in vitroculture and are then termed as nullipotent.