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Introduction to Chemistry
Ch.1 & 2
Vocab List:0 Analytical chemistry0 Applied chemistry0 Biochemistry0 Chemistry0 Experiment0 Hypothesis0 Inorganic chemistry0 Macroscopic0 Matter0 Microscopic0 Observation0 Organic chemistry0 Physical chemistry0 Pure chemistry0 Scientific law0 Scientific method0 Theory
0 Chemical change0 Chemical symbol0 Compound0 Element0 Extensive property0 Gas0 Heterogeneous mixture0 Homogeneous mixture0 Intensive property0 Liquid0 Mass0 Mixture0 Physical change0 Solid0 Solution0 Substance0 Volume
Chemistry0The study of the composition of matter….
Matter0Anything that has mass and occupies space
5 traditional areas of study:0Organic
0 Study of things containing carbon0 Inorganic
0 Things that do not contain carbon0Biochemistry
0 Study of processes that take place in organisms0Analytical
0 Study of the composition of matter0Physical
0 Area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure Applied
0The pursuit of chemical knowledge just because
0May not be immediate practical use…it can lead to application
0Research that is directed toward a practical goal or application
0 In practice, pure and applied chemistry are often linked
Views
0Macroscopic0 The world of objects
that are large enough to see with the unaided eye.
0Microscopic0 The world of objects
that can be seen only under magnification
Alchemy
0The word chemistry comes from alchemy0Practiced in China and India as early as 400 B.C.0Had a practical and mystical side…practical focused
on developing techniques for working with metals, glass, and dyes…mystical focused on concepts like perfection (turning things to gold because it was considered perfect)
0Although alchemists did not succeed in the gold quest, the work they did spurred the development of chemistry!
Antoine Lavoisier
0France, late 1700s…Lavoisier did work that would revolutionize the science of chemistry
0He helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.
His lab in Paris
Scientific Method0Observation
0 Usually leads to a question to be answered0 Observations can be from any of the senses (taste, touch,
smell….)0Testing Hypothesis
0 Hypothesis: Proposed explanation for an observation0 Experiment: A procedure to test the hypothesis0 Variables: Independent, Dependent, Control
0Developing Theories0 Theory: A well-tested explanation for a broad set of
observations0 Scientific Law: A concise statement that summarizes the
results of many observations and experiments
Properties that Describe Matter
0Mass:0 The measure of the amount of matter the object contains
0Volume:0 The measure of the space an object occupies
0Extensive:0 Depends on the amount of matter0 Examples: Volume, Mass
0 Intensive:0 Depends on the type of matter, not the amount0 Examples: Density, Color
Physical & Chemical Change
Physical Chemical
0The composition of the material does not change
0Examples:0 Crumpling paper0 Breaking glass0 Melting ice
0 Change that produces matter with a different composition from that of which you started
0 Example:0 Burning a
Marshmallow0 Mixing chemicals0 Rusting nail
States of Matter
0Solid0 Definite shape, volume, not easily compressed
0Liquid0 Indefinite shape, definite volume, not easily compressed
0Gas0 Indefinite shape, indefinite volume, easily compressed
Mixtures
Homogenous Heterogeneous
0Mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
0Examples:0 Vinegar0 Stainless steel0 Air
0Mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
0Examples:0 Italian dressing0 Chicken noodle
soup0 Sand in water
A few other thoughts…0Element
0 The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties, like Oxygen
0Compound0 A substance that contains two or more elements
chemically combined, like Water (H20)0Chemical symbol
0 Each element has a 1 or 2 letter symbol…the first letter is always capitalized, second is lowercase
0Chemical formula0 Represents compounds and is composed of the symbols of
the elements present, also tells how many of each element