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psychometrics
Research
Statistics
Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory
Highlights of History of Psychological Testing and
Assessment
2200 B.C.E. Proficiency Testing started in China
1115 B.C.E.
During Chen Dynasty test proficiency examination conducted in areas such as music, archery, horsemanship, writing, arithmetic, agriculture, and geography, for civil service examinations.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
400 B. C. E.
Plato suggested people should work at jobs consistent with their abilities and
Endowments/ ornatural capacities.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING?
HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING?
"The Unexamined Life is not Worth
Living." Socrates 469 BC
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
200 Dark Ages begin Science takes a
backseat to faith and superstition.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1600 After 1400 years from dark ages we slowly moved from a religion dominated view of the world to a philosophical and scientific view.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1859 Publication of Charles Darwin’s On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (humans are descended from apes).
Natural Selection and the Survival of the Fittest of the Species.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1860 Gustave (gu5 s-ˌtäv)Fechner
publishes Elements of Psychophysics
(perception of light and sound).
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1869 Francis Galton (gol-tən) father of testing
movement half cousin to Darwin GaltonNature
publishes a study of heredity and genius, pioneering
a statistical technique that Karl Pearson would later call Correlation.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
The phrase "Nature versus nurture" was coined by Francis Galton in discussion of the influence of heredity or genes and environment on social advancement. The nature versus nurture concerns the relative importance of an individual's genetic qualities "nature,” versus environment “nurture," in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.
NATURE VS NURTURE
1879 Wilhelm Max Wundt founds the first
experimental psychology
laboratory, in Leipzig,
Germany (reaction time)
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1890 American psychologist James Mckeen Cattell coins
the term “mental test”
in a publication.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1895 Alfred Binet and Victor Henri publish articles calling for the measurement of cognitive abilities.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1896 Lightner Witmer establishes
the first psychological clinic
in the United States, at the
University of Pennsylvania.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1904 Charles/Carl Spearman student of Wilhelm Max
Wundt at Leipzig begins the foundation for Test Reliability and Factor Analysis.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1905 Alfered Binet and Theodore Simon
published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence.” Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale launches a new era in measurement.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1913 John Watson publishes Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which is known as the “Behaviorist Manifesto.”
Galton Nature-> heredity Watson Nurture -> environment
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” John Watson
"Twelve infants" quotation
GOOD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: MAXIMUM POTENTIAL
GOOD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: STOPS AT A POINT.
BAD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: PARTIAL GROWTH.
BAD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: WILL NEVER MAKE IT.
1913 Swiss psychologist Herman Rorschach,
publishes papers on how analysis of patients’ art-work can provide insights into
personality. In 1921 he
published his now famous
monograph, psychodiagnostics,
known as, the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1914 World War I serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional
fitness.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1916 Lewis Terman from Stanford University, publishes
the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Test.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1926 The development of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) started and administered for the first time.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1927 Charles/Carl Spearman publishes a two-
factor theory of intelligence in which he postulates the existence of a general intellectual ability factor (g) and specific (s) components of that general ability.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1931 L.L.Thurstone publishes Multiple
Factor Analysis. He created systems of equations
or “laws” to estimate scale
values for each stimulus. He also developed
Agree-Disagree format
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1935 Henry A. Murray published “Thematic Apperception Test.” The final version of the
test was published in
1943.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1938 According to the 1938 “Mental
Measurement Year Book” at least 4,000 different psychological tests were in print at this year.
Lauretta Bender published
“A Visual Motor Gestalt Test.” Bender Gestalt II published in 2003.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1939 David "Wex" Wechsler “Wex-ler” from
Bellevue Hospital in New York City introduces the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale,
designed to measure
adult intelligence.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1940 World War II serves as a boon to the testing
movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional fitness.
Hathaway and McKinley developed MMPI
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1941 Raymond Cattell with the benefit of factor
analysis as a statistical tool, introduces a theory of intelligence based on two general factors he calls “fluid intelligence” and “crystallized intelligence.”
Later, he developed 16PF.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1941 Fluid intelligence” involves being able to
think, reason, and solve problems (short term memory/working memory).
Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences (long term memory).
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment 1951 Test expert Lee Cronbach introduces
“Coefficient Alpha” to measure test reliability.
This formula which was the modification of KR-20 calculates the mean of all possible split-half test correlations (reliabilities). Later, it was corrected by Spearman-Brown Prophesy Formula.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1954 The first edition of “Psychological
Testing”
by Ann Anastasi published.
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes
his work on the development of
cognition in children.
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1963 Stanly Milgram publishes
“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”
The experimental procedures and measurement methods of his work aroused many questioning on ethical grounds, and eventually lead to the establishment of APA Ethics Committees to oversee
measurement procedures
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
E=Experimenter/Researcher/AuthorityT=Teacher/Subject
L=Learner/confederate/Actor
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1975 John Holland proposes
a classification system consisting of six personality types based on corresponding interest patterns called “ Vocational Preference Inventory.”
History of Psychological Testing and Assessment
1993 The APA publishes “guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations.”