Date post: | 18-Dec-2014 |
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
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Main topics
Computer Hardware and Software – 6 lectures Hardware Software
Networks – 6 lectures Basic and Infrastructure Data Communication Internet Cyber Crimes and Cyber Laws
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Main topics… Contd
Office productivity software – 13 lectures Word Processing – MS Word Spreadsheet – MS Excel Presentation Software – MS Powerpoint Personal Information Manager
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Hardware
Processors Memory Bus Types Ports Secondary Storage Solid State Storage Devices Printers Screens Input Devices
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Processor
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Types
Centrino Technology Intel Combination of main board, chipset, mobile CPU and wireless network interface
Athlon Technology X86-compatible microprocessors by AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
K6 Technology AMD K5 Technology
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Types
Core 2 Duo Processor Intel Pentium Family
Cyrix Founded by Texas Instruments (TI)
Intel Processors
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Processor
CPU – Central processing unit Brain of computer
Accepts data from an input device, changes the data according to the instructions given by the user and send the results to an output device
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Memory
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Memory
Bit : smallest unit of data memory; “b”
Byte : 8 bits = 1 byte; “B”
Kilobyte : 1 Kilobyte = 1024 bytes; “KB”
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Memory
Megabyte : 1 Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes; “MB”; unit of measurement of RAM (Random access memory)
Gigabyte : 1 Gigabyte = 1024 megabytes; “GB”
Terabyte : 1 terabyte = 1024 gigabyte; TB
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Classification of memory
Main / Primary memory : RAM (Random access memory) ROM (Read only memory)
Amount/size of main memory is insufficient and so, secondary memory is used
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Classification of memory
Secondary memory / Auxiliary memory : To store huge data Permanent nature Hard disk, floppy disk, zip disk, DVD, Pen drive
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RAM
Volatile in nature Instructions stored on RAM are temporary once
the power is switched off, the instructions stores in RAM will be erased
Where computer stores temporarily the OS and other software installed
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Types of RAM SRAM
Static RAM Fast and Expensive Used for memory caching Does not need to be refreshed
DRAM Dynamic RAM Slower and less expensive than SRAM Needs to be refreshed every second
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Types of RAM SDRAM
Synchronous dynamic random access memory Used in PC and synchronized with system
clock Knows when next cycle is coming and has
data ready, thus reducing CPU waits states Available at speeds as high as 133MHz
DDR-SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM Twice as fast as ordinary SDRAM DDR3 latest evolution
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Types of RAM RDRAM
RAMBUS dynamic RAM Very fast Chips work parallel to produce very fast
speeds Expensive because it is proprietary
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ROM
Non-volatile Data/programs and instructions are stored
permanently Does not get erased when switched off Normally programs or contents are given by
computer hardware manufacturer Contains BIOS and holds information to load OS
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Types of ROM Mask ROM
Basic ROM chip Stored at time of manufacturing Cannot be altered or erased
PROM Programmable read only memory Programmed by programmers Cannot be altered or erased
EPROM Erasable PROM Data/instructions/programs can be erased from EPROM
by exposing it to ultra violet light for few mins
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Types of ROM EEPROM
Electrically EPROM Erased using high voltage current
EAPROM Electrically Alterable ROM Information can be altered
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Types of Internal Memory SIMM:
Single in-line memory module One or more RAM Since more RAM, need to access to secondary storage is
less Usually multiples of 4MB
DIMM Dual in-line memory module Series of DRAM Used in PC, Workstations, servers
CACHE memory High speed memory which the processor cab access
much faster than main memory
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Bus Types
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Concept
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Use of bus in Computer Architecture
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BUS Types Data Bus:
Moves data between the memory, input/output devices and processor
Address Bus: Set of wires that connects CPU and RAM Carries only the memory address
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BUS Types AGP
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port allows the video care to access the RAM directly
Increases speed of graphics performance
ISA Bus Industry Standard Architecture Used for attaching devices such as input devices to CPU
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BUS Types Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
High performance bus for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and memory cards
Originated at Interl Inc.
Fire wire: IEEE 1394 On Fire Wire are the ports which are
used for connecting video devices such as Digital Video cameras
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Allows high speed, easy connection of
peripherals