Date post: | 15-Aug-2015 |
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Introduction to Democratization andDemocratic Constitution
Presented by
Aung Ko Ko Toe
Knowledge Propagation Society
Mandalay
• Transitional Process
1. Transition2. Liberalization3. Consolidation
• Definition of Democratization
1. transition to a more democratic political regime. 2. transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy3. transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy 4. transition from a semi-authoritarian political system
to a democratic political system.
Democratization - Political Science approach
Democratic transitions are the change from the original non-democratic regime (dictatorship) to a democratic regime.
A successful transition to democracy involves - removing the old non-democratic regime; - creation of democratic institutions and- establishment of democratic procedures.
Democratization
- Political Science approach Democratic consolidation means stabilization of these democratic institutions and procedures and achieving their acceptance by all important actors in a given country
- political parties,- the army, - religious institutions,- various important non-governmental organizations, etc
It is important to be aware that democratic transition may or may notend in democratic consolidation.
Two Condition;
- a risk of returning to a non-democratic type of regime. - a hybrid form of semi-authoritarianism.
• Pre-Conditions Necessary for Successful
Democratization
WealthEducationThe Resource CurseCivil SocietyMiddle ClassSocial EqualityCultureHomogenous Population
• Myanmar for Successful Democratization
Hypothesis of Francis Fukurama
-Economic Growth
- State Building- Rule of Law- Social Mobilization
Types of Transitions
A top-down (elite-controlled) change from within government (Examples: Spain, Hungary).
Negotiated reform of the regime and the government (Examples: South Africa, Poland)
A bottom-up (people power) change: Regime breakdown and the collapse of authoritarianism under the pressure of mass protests
(Examples: the Philippines, Czechoslovakia).
• For Question to Change
Autocratic regime
Strong
Strong
Weak
Weak
Democratic challenger
Weak
Strong
Weak
Strong
Autocratic regime Democratic challenger Outcome
Strong Weak Regime remains Strong Strong Regime liberalizesWeak Weak Regime remains Weak Strong Democratic
breakthrough
Democratic Constitution
• Democratic Structure
- Democracy- Separation of Power for Regime (How to Distribution of Power)- Institutions- Independent Agencies
Constitution
• Definition of Constitution
The constitution is the public law,providing how a government is structured and operates.
A constitution is a contract concerned with Rights and Duties between government and people.
The Constitution says how the government works. It creates the President.It creates the legislation.It creates the Supreme Court.
• Organ of Constitution
there are three organs
- how various agencies are organized- what power is entrusted to those agencies- in what manner such power is to be exercised
• Make up the Constitution
the 7 basis ideas
1. Popular Sovereignty
2. Limited Government
3. Separation of Powers
4. Checks and Balances
5. Judicial Review
6. Individual rights
7. Federalism
Popular Sovereignty
- Leadership succession though election
- Elections ensure that key position in government will be
contested at periodic intervals and that the transfer of governmental
authority is accomplished in a peaceful and orderly process.
Majority rules but not rules by majority.
Minority rights must be protected from the tyranny of the
Majority.
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Rule of Law
Constitutional Court
Judicial Review
Judicial branch interprets the law (Courts)
The interpreter or final judge on what the Constitution says and means.
The powers of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action.
Judicial Review
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• Federalism
Definition – A system of government in which powers are divided by the state and national government.
National Government, Federal Government, Central Government
Regional Government, State Government, local Government
• FederalismCore of Federal
Decentralization State- vertical division of power between member units and shared institutions.- Combination of Self-rule and Shared rules
Constitutional Defined and Protected (Guaranteed)
Decentralization + Constitutional Guarantee Federalism
• Decentralization- have 3 steps
1. Decision Making2. Budget Sharing3. Elected by Bottom
Decision Making Power - Manage to resources
* is very deep decentralization
• Federalism
Why Federalism
- Big Territories & Large Population
- Pluralism of Society
- Lower Level of Government Check and Balance
- Foster Peace
- Economic Reasons
The Supremacy Clause(Article VI, Section 2)
City and Country Laws
State Statues (laws)
State Constitutions
Acts of Congress
United States Constitution
The U.S. Constitution is the “Supreme
Law of the Land.”
If there is a conflict
between a lower law and a higher one, the
higher one “wins.”
Thank….