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Caprice Paduano

Chapter 10

Creating a Community of Learners

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1. What determines the culture of the classroom?

2. How can you create a positive learning environment?

3. What are the keys to successful classroom management?

4. What teaching methods do effective teachers use?

5. What is taught in schools?6. How is the school curriculum developed?

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Classroom Culture determined by the manner in which teachers and students participate in common activities

Classroom Climate atmosphere or quality of life in the classroom• Determined by•How teachers interact with students •Exercise of authority •Warmth and encouragement shown•Amount of competition or cooperation encourages

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Caring Classroom• Help students learn to fullest potential Attention to Physical Environment• Place furniture and seat students to

enhance learning and movement in room Classroom Organization• Structure tasks, group students and use

resources to optimize learning for all

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GroupingBetween- Class Ability Grouping

assigned by ability or achievement or goals (tracking)• Does not contribute to greater achievement

Within-Class Ability Grouping assigned to small homogenous groups

• Can cause some students to be under taught and regrouping does not occur

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Cooperative Learning Small groups 4-6 students Assignment required students to help each other

on group project Groups may be set up to compete against one

another Students may contribute based on talent,

interests, and abilities

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Delivering Instruction•Authentic Pedagogy Helps Students• Construct knowledge• Acquire deep knowledge• Engage in substantiative conversations• Make connections between knowledge and real

world

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Time Allocated Time Academic Learning TimeOpportunity to Learn (OTL)Block Scheduling

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Classroom Management Techniques Creating a Caring Classroom Classroom Organization Student Grouping Authentic Learning Structuring Time

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Discipline Methods teachers use after misbehaviorManagement Prevention oriented

Goal of Management – Maximize student attention and minimize disruption

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Democratic ClassroomAllowing students more power and responsibility over classroom activities Choice Theory

Human beings make choices that enable them to meet the need for belonging, power, freedom, and funPreventive Planning Teacher BehaviorsEyes-in-the-back-of-the-head (with-it-ness)Ripple effect – using models to communicate expectations

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Establishing Rules & Procedures•Should be:• Carefully planned with clear explanations,

examples and practice• Enforced consistently and fairly • Procedures (routines) and consequences (failure

to follow rules) taught to students

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Organization and Planning for Instruction •Authentic Learning Tasks • Tasks that enable student to see connection

between learning and real world

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Effective Responses to Student Behavior•Severity of Misbehavior•Zero Tolerance•Constructive Assertiveness•Assertive Discipline Steps•Teacher Problem Solving•Developing Your Own Classroom Management Approach

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Steps to help misbehaving students make proper choices•Misbehaving student evaluates and takes responsibility for behavior•Student plans agreed upon future behavior•Required student commitment to plan•Excuses no accepted•Consequence pointed out not punishments•Commitment by teacher to student

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3 philosophies of teacher response to student misbehaviorRelationship-listeningConfronting-ContractingRules and Consequences

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Models of TeachingMethods Based on Learning New BehaviorsDirect instruction – systematic instructional method that focuses on knowledge from teacher to studentDirect Instruction Steps

Orient students Review Present Assess Practice or apply Feedback Homework Review periodically

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Mastery Learning •All students can learn given time•Student learn best in structured program•Mastery Learning Cycle• Set objectives• Teach• Feedback• Correct • Teaching, Testing, Reteaching, Retesting

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Methods Based on Child Development•Modeling – thinking out loud• Demonstrate thinking• Making students aware of thinking• Focus students on applying thinking

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Constructivist teaching •Teacher elicits prior knowledge•Teacher presents material •Students absorb and use information to construct meaning•Students reflect and talk with others to construct meaning and solve problemsScaffolding

teacher provides clues, encouragement and suggestions to guide learning

Zone of Proximal Development point at which students need help to continue learning

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Methods Based on the Thinking ProcessInformation Processing – cognitive branch of science concerned with how people use their long and short term memory to solve problems

Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-Term Memory

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Inquiry or Discovery Learning •Students given opportunities to discover knowledge for themselvesPeer Mediated Instruction •Motivation by students to excel and learnGroup Investigation •Teacher create environment that allows students to determine what and how they will learnPeer Tutoring •Students are tutored by others in same class or gradeCross Age Tutoring •Older students tutoring younger

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Curriculum •Course of study•Knowledge students are to learn•Planned learning experiences•Intended learning outcomes•All experiences at school

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Kinds of Curricula•Explicit

Overt goals the school intended to be taught•Hidden

Implicit attitudes unintentionally taught •Null

Knowledge not taught•Extracurricular / Co curricular

School sponsored activities

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Tyler RationalQuestions to be answered when planning a curriculum• What purposes should be attained?• What experiences can attain purposes?• How can experiences be organized?• How to determine if purposes are attained?

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Focus of Curriculum Planning•Macro – Curriculum content decisions apply to large group of students•Micro – Curriculum content decisions apply to school or class

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Student Centered Curriculum Growth and development of students

emphasized with content, more typical in elementary schools

Subject Centered Curriculum Logical order of curriculum emphasized, more

typical of high school Integrated curriculum

Curriculum drawn from different subject areas focused around theme

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Federal Government State Government Curriculum Planning Team Teacher

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Social Issues and Changing ValuesTextbook Publishing