INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Class Activity;Class Activity;

HOW AND WHY HOW AND WHY SHOULD WE SHOULD WE INCREASE THE INCREASE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS ?CONSCIOUSNESS ?

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESWhat do Environmental Studies refer to

…….; ?? It refers to recognizing the Environmental issues and

their management techniques. It refers to the ways in which the different societies ,

government and the economic sectors use , misuse and manage the global environment.

It refers to the ways that Man can achieve the sustainable development of the natural resources, so the future generation can utilize these resources.

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESWhat is Our Environment?It is comprising of four major parts;

– Atmosphere– Lithosphere– Hydrosphere– Biosphere

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Atmosphere is composed of two Greek words, atmos (means vapour) and sphere means globe.

The air we breath is a part of atmosphere.It is comprising of gases and water vapour.It forms the weather, protects from the

Sun’s ultraviolet rays and supply Oxygen to living things.

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Hydrosphere is composed of (hydro=water) and (sphere=globe)

It includes all the water bodies (fresh and marine)

It provides us the water for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes.

It also supplies fish as a low cholesterol meat.

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Lithosphere is composed of (lithos=outer part of the earth), and (sphere=globe)

It consists of crust and upper mantle.It has the mountains, valleys and ocean

beds.It provides us the land and resources.

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Biosphere is composed of (bio=life), and (sphere=globe)

It comprises of all living things on land, in sea and freshwater.

All living things are interrelated to each other as well as they are dependent on other spheres.

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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Inter-relationship of four Spheres;

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Biosphere

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EARTH’S INTERIOREARTH’S INTERIOR

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EARHT’S INTERIOREARHT’S INTERIOR

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LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE

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LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE

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HYDROSPHEREHYDROSPHERE

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HYDROSPHEREHYDROSPHERE

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ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

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ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

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BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE

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LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE

Rocks & minerals: Lithosphere constitutes of rocks and minerals.Minerals are defined as naturally occurring,

inorganic, solid, crystalline material with a specific composition, examples: quartz, feldspar,

Rocks are defined as the aggregates of minerals, Andesite (igneous), limestone (sedimentary), and marble (metamorphic).

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ROCKS AND MINERALSROCKS AND MINERALS

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ROCK CYCLE ROCK CYCLE

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IGNEOUS ROCKSIGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks are formed as a result of cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They can be classified into two groups; Extrusive (volcanic) rocks are those which are formed on

the surface of the earth by cooling and solidification of lava, they are fine-grained rocks (small crystals) examples; Andesite, basalt.

Intrusive (plutonic) rocks are those which are formed beneath the earth surface, when magma is forced through the vents or cracks in the earth by the convectional currents, it is cooled and solidified to form these rocks. Examples; Granite, Gabbro

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and consolidation of minerals and organic materials, they are formed in the water and later on they come on the surface due to uplifting forces. They constitute about 75-80% of the rocks. They can be divided into three groups; Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by mechanical weathering of

other rocks, as a result of weathering rocks are broken into particles known as sediments which are transported and deposited elsewhere, forming theses rocks.Sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate.

Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by the chemical weathering of other rocks, the sediments are deposited in the water to form these rocks.Limestone, rock salt.

Organic sedimentary rocks are contain the dead remains of living organisms (fossils), coal, oil shale.

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Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks These are those rocks formed as a result of

transformation of existing rocks under great heat and pressure, the existing rocks can be igneous, sedimentary or even metamorphic.They are formed beneath the earth surface, when rocks are subjected to great pressure and heat due to the overlain layers of rocks, or sometimes there is an intrusion of hot molten magma from the mantle. Examples; Marble is metamorphosed form of limestone, quartzite is metamorphosed form of sandstone and schist is changed from slate and slate is changed from shale.

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