Introduction to Fluid Mechanics - test bank and solution ... · Solution Manual to An Introduction...

Solution Manual

to

An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Cambridge, 2013)

by

Faith A. Morrison

Chapter 2

Full file at http://TestBankSolutionManual.eu/Solution-for-Introduction-to-Fluid-Mechanics-by-Faith-A-Morrison

144 c© 2013 Faith A. Morrison, all rights reserved.

PROBLEM: 2.1 When you go to get your oil changed on your car, the serviceattendant asks, ”Would you like 10W40 or 10W30?” How should you decide?

SOLUTION These designations on motor oil are a rating on the fluid property viscos-ity. The first number in the SAE rating gives the cold-temperature performance (10-Winter),and the second number gives the high-temperature performance (40 or 30). Your decision onwhich motor oil to use depends on the temperatures in which you expect to operate your car(is it winter? is the weather extreme?). If you are going to be driving in very cold weather,you may want a 5 weight oil so that it will be easier to start the car on cold days. If youare going to operate in the hot desert, you may choose a heavier oil (40 or higher) so thatthe fluid lubricates even under high temperatures. The manufacturer of your car will havea suggestion for which viscosity is best for your vehicle.


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PROBLEM: 2.2 What is the density of acetone? What is the viscosity of acetone?Compared to water, does acetone generate more or less stress in flow? Be quantitative inyour answer.

SOLUTION We can find the density and viscosity of acetone in the CRC Handbookof Chemistry and Physics; at 25oC ρacetone = 0.7845 g/cm3; µacetone = 0.306 × 10−3 Pa s.Acetone has a lower viscosity than water. Since viscosity determines how much stress a fluidgenerates, a lower viscosity means that acetone generates less stress in flow than water does.This is quantified in Newton’s law of viscosity:

τ21 = µ∂v1∂x2

For a shear rate of ∂v1∂x2

= 1.0 s−1, the two fluids would generate the following stresses:

acetone: τ21 =(

0.306 × 10−3 Pa s)

(

1.0

s

)

= 3.06 × 10−4 Pa

water: τ21 =(

8.937 × 10−4 Pa s)

(

1.0

s

)

= 8.937 × 10−4 Pa




PROBLEM: 2.3 What is the density of blood? What is the viscosity of blood?When doctors give you a ”blood thinner” is it the viscosity or the density or something elsethat they are changing?

SOLUTION The viscosity of blood is 3.0 cp and the density of blood is1060 g/m3[145]. A blood thinner is a drug that reduces the effort it takes to pump blood inthe body. The effort to pump is a flow property related to the shear stress and hence to theviscosity. A blood thinner, therefore, reduces blood viscosity rather than blood density.




PROBLEM: 2.4 When a medical technician draws blood for laboratory tests, theyinsert a needle attached to a tube-holder into a vein. The second step is to push a tube ontothe needle causing blood to flow into the tube (the needle penetrates a septum covering thetop of the tube). Why does the blood flow into the tube? It may be necessary to search thedevice on the Internet to determine the answer.

SOLUTION

The tube has been evacuated and is sold with the vacuum trapped. When the septumcovering the tube is pierced, the blood is sucked into the tube. This system allows medicaltechnicians to swap out different tubes for different tests while only making one needleinsertion into your arm.




PROBLEM: 2.5 In addition to solid, liquid, and gas, another common state of mat-ter is foam. Foams occur in food processing (e.g., whipped cream, frothed milk), consumerproducts (e.g., hair mousse, shaving cream) and in industrial applications (e.g., wall insula-tion, fire-extinguishing fluid). Describe the structure of foam from a scientific perspective.Do the foams you know flow and deform like Newtonian liquids (water, oil), Bingham plastics(mayonnaise, paint) or are they their own class of materials? Describe the flow behavior offoams.

SOLUTION

A foam is a two-phase system, air and liquid or solid. The air bubbles in a liquid-basedfoam may be discrete (small air concentration) or the amount of air entrained into the liquidmay be quite high. When there is a large amount of air in a foam, the two phases maybe bicontinuous (both continuous) forming a complex structure with liquid films formingboundaries between air regions.

Foams are soft, but placed on a flat surface they do not flow out into a puddle likeliquids do (consider the behavior of water). Thus, foams are not Newtonian fluids. Foams cansustain a yield stress (like ketchup or paint), and thus they are similar to Bingham plastics.When deformed above the yield stress of the foam they may flow in a Newtonian way (stressproportional to strain rate) or in a non-Newtonian way (stress a complex, nonlinear functionof strain rate).




PROBLEM: 2.6 Honey is trapped between two long, wide plates (plate area=9.0 cm2) and the top plate is moved at 1.0 cm/s. The gap between the plates is 0.50 mm.What is the velocity gradient ∂v1/∂x2, where 1 indicates the flow direction and 2 indicatesthe direction perpendicular to the plates?

SOLUTION

velocity gradient =∆v1∆x2

=1.0× 10−2 m/s

0.5× 10−3m

= 20 s−1




PROBLEM: 2.7 If water is trapped between two long, wide plates and subjected toa velocity gradient of 10.0 s−1 in the 2-direction, what is the magnitude of the shear stressτ21 that is generated? If the area of the top plate in contact with the water is 25 cm2, whatis the force needed to maintain the motion of the plate?

SOLUTION

The force depends on the fluid viscosity according to Newton’s law of viscosity:

τ = µ∂v1∂x2

τ =(

8.937× 10−4 Pa s) (

10.0 s−1)

τ = 8.937× 10−3 Pa

τ =force

area= 8.937× 10−3 Pa

force =(

25× 10−4 m2) (

8.937× 10−3 Pa)

force = 2.234× 10−5 N

force = 2.2× 10−5 N




PROBLEM: 2.8 If water is trapped between two long, wide plates and subjected toa velocity gradient of 5.0 s−1 in the 2-direction, what is the magnitude of the shear stressτ21 that is generated? If the fluid between the plates is changed from water to honey, howmuch shear stress is generated?

SOLUTION

Newton’s law of viscosity:

τ = µ∂v1∂x2

τ =(

8.937× 10−4 Pa s) (

5.0 s−1)

τ = 4.469× 10−3 Pa

If the fluid is changed to honey, the viscosity changes to between 20 and 400 poise.Taking the viscosity of honey to be 400 poise we obtain

τ = µ∂v1∂x2

τ = (400 poise)

(

1 Pa s

10 poise

)

(

5.0 s−1)

τ = 200 Pa




PROBLEM: 2.9 Olive oil is placed between two long, wide plates (plate area=97.5 in2) and the top plate is moved at 0.25 in/s. The gap between the plates is 0.0126 in.What is the force it takes to maintain the motion?

SOLUTION

The viscosity of olive oil is 0.081 Pa s. Newton’s law of viscosity:

τ = µ∂v1∂x2

τ =(

8.1× 10−2 Pa s)

(

0.25 in/s

0.0126 in

)

τ = 1.607 Pa

τ =force

area= 1.607 Pa

force =(

97.5 in2)

(

(0.3048 m)2

144 in2

)

(1.607 Pa)

force = 0.1011 N

force = 0.10 N




PROBLEM: 2.10 Two fluids are examined with a parallel-plate apparatus like New-ton used to study fluids. The two plates have the same area A, and with the test fluid in thegap a constant gap of H is maintained as the top plate is dragged in a uniform direction,causing the fluid to deform. When the two fluids are tested, it takes twice as much force tomove the plate at a fixed velocity V with Fluid 2 as it does with Fluid 1. What is the ratioof the viscosities of the two fluids?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.11 A tree in the wind is an object subjected to a uniform flow (a flowthat everywhere has the same speed and direction). How much drag is a tree subjected toby modest winds and by hurricane-force winds? Search the literature for air speeds and dragcoefficients to answer this question.

SOLUTION







PROBLEM: 2.12 A bicycle racer in a racing crouch is travelling 50 mph. How muchfaster will she go if her teammate drafts her by riding just in front of her?

SOLUTION







PROBLEM: 2.13 How much wind force is a flag subjected to on a typical day?Search the literature for air speeds and drag coefficients to answer this question.

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.14 A disk (radius is R, thickness is H) is dropped from a great height.How much faster does the disk go when dropped edge-first versus if dropped with its largecircular surface perpendicular to the fall direction? Search the literature for drag coefficientsfor the disk in these two orientations.

SOLUTION










PROBLEM: 2.15 When you stir water (or coffee, or tea) in a cup, how does theshape and position of the fluid surface change compared to fluid at rest? Sketch the quiescentand steady state fluid interfaces. Note: the sketch should be consistent with the principle ofconservation of mass.

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.16 The viscosity of water is about 1 cp. Showing the unit conversions,what does 1 cp translate into in American engineering units (involving lbf , ft, s)? What doesthis quantity translate into in SI units (System international d’unites, the metric system,involving kg, m, s)?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.17 In this chapter we discussed the force it takes to push fluid throughthe needle attached to a syringe. If the fluid ejected from the needle is glycerin instead ofwater, how much force would it take? Use all the same assumptions as in the text example.

SOLUTION







PROBLEM: 2.18 The rate of blood circulation in the body is 5.0 lpm (liters perminute)[145]. How much blood passes through the heart in a day?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.19 Laminar flow in a tube is described by the Hagen-Poiseuille equa-tion, introduced in this chapter. a) For water (25oC) flowing through 10 ft section of 1/2 inpipe (Schedule 40) in laminar flow, what is the maximum flow rate (in gpm) through thepipe before the flow becomes transitional? b) What is the pressure drop (in psi) across thepipe at this maximum flow rate?

SOLUTION







PROBLEM: 2.20 Water (25oC) is pushed through a pipe (inner diameter 4.0 mm,length 1.5 m), and laminar flow is produced at a Reynolds number of 800. For the same fluidsubjected to the same pressure drop in a pipe of the same length, at what pipe diameter willit no longer be possible to produce laminar flow?

SOLUTION







PROBLEM: 2.21 Blood travels through the large arteries of a human body (internalradius 12 mm) at an average velocity of about 50 cm/s. What is the flow rate of bloodthrough these arteries? Is the flow laminar or turbulent? The viscosity of blood is 3.0 cpand the density of blood is 1060 kg/m3[145].

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.22 Blood travels through the human heart’s ascending aorta (diam-eter = 3.2 cm) at an average velocity of about 63 cm/s[145]. What is the flow rate of bloodthrough this vessel? See previous problem for viscosity and density of blood.

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.23 A carbon dioxide bubble rises in a glass of soda pop. From thepoint of view of an observer sitting on the bubble, sketch the flow lines as the liquid partsand flows around the rising bubble. Is there a flow (1.e., motion) in the carbon dioxide insidethe bubble? Discuss why or why not.

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.24 How does drinking from a straw work? In your answer, use scien-tific terms such as pressure, continuum, flow.

12 pp <

1p

SOLUTION When drinking from a straw your mouth creates a lower pressure, whichis applied to the fluid that enters the straw. The pressure on the outside surface of the fluidin the glass is atmospheric, while the pressure in the straw is subatmospheric, and thus thefluid moves in the direction of your mouth. The drinker can control the flow of the fluid byadjusting the pressure inside his mouth.




PROBLEM: 2.25 An open container of fluid has a hole in the side and the fluidleaks out under the force of gravity. If a tight-fitting, but movable piston is placed on top ofthe fluid and a 10 kg weight is placed on top of the piston, how would the flow out the holechange? Sketch your answer. Why is there a change?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.26 Many teapots dribble. Why? What forces mentioned in thischapter influence teapot dribble?

SOLUTION When tea is made to flow very slowly out of the spout of a tea pot, theinertia of the fluid is small. In this flow regime, gravity pulls the tea downwards, and surfaceforces pull the tea to remain adhered to the pot itself. The tea dribbles down the outsidesurface of the tea pot.

When the fluid motion is made to be more rapid, the tea can enter into a flow regimewhere it departs decisively from the surface of the tea pot as it exits and moves forward,with inertia dominating the flow.

The design of the optimum tea pot should allow sufficient speed to develop in the fluidbefore it exits the spout. If you search the Internet for “teapot dribble” you can read moreabout the analysis of this flow.




PROBLEM: 2.27 Consider the following (admittedly improbable) two ways to makean open-faced peanut-butter and jelly sandwich. (1) Spread a layer of peanut butter on aslice of bread; this layer is then topped with a layer of jelly. (2) First spread a layer of jellyon a slice of bread; then spread peanut butter layer over the jelly layer. Discuss the prosand cons of the two methods. If forced to choose one of these two methods, which wouldyou choose? Give a fluid-mechanics explanation of your choice.

SOLUTION

If peanut butter or jelly is spread on a slice of bread, the knife can easily spread eitherone, but it takes more force to spread the more viscous peanut butter.

If jelly is spread on top of a peanut butter layer, the jelly may have some difficultyadhering to the peanut butter (to create the no-slip boundary condition) but usually it ispossible to have the jelly stick and the second layer is easily spread on the peanut butter.

If one would attempt, however, to spread a peanut butter layer onto a jelly layer, theattempts at spreading would only cause deformation in the jelly layer, never in the peanutbutter layer. This is because peanut butter has a much higher viscosity than does jelly.

I would choose to put the peanut butter on first (if forced to layer at all; peanut butteron one slice and jelly on the other is by far the best method).




PROBLEM: 2.28 Why do ice cubes float in water? Why do olives sink in water?Which physical property is important to your answer, viscosity, density, surface tension orsomething else?

SOLUTION

Ice is less dense than water, and thus ice floats on top of water. Olives sink in waterbecause they are more dense than water. Something floats when the fluid displaced by anobject weighs more than the weight of the object.




PROBLEM: 2.29 You are standing facing a wind and you are cold. Will any of thefollowing actions reduce how cold you feel? Explain your reasoning using fluid mechanics: a)turning sidewise to the wind; b) laying flat on the ground; c) crouching down on the ground.

SOLUTION

The wind is making you feel colder because the wind is carrying away the air near yourbody that has been warmed by your body. The faster the wind, the thinner the boundarylayer where the air is warm. Also the faster the wind the faster the transfer of heat fromyour body.

a) Turning sidewise to the wind reduces the cross section you present to the wind; thisreduces the force that you feel but likely you will feel just as cold since the air speed you arefeeling is unaffected. b) Laying flat on the ground moves you into the boundary layer nearthe Earth’s surface, where the air speed is less than the free stream air speed; the reductionin speed reduces the heat transfer and should make you feel warmer. c) Crouching down onthe ground will reduce the average speed also that you are experiencing by moving you intothe boundary layer.




PROBLEM: 2.30 What is a boundary layer? Give an example of a boundary-layereffect that you have experienced.

SOLUTION

A boundary layer is a region close to a wall or surface in which viscous effects dominatethe flow. When we stand next to a wall to avoid the wind, we are seeking out the boundarylayer and the slower flows there. The aerodynamic shape of modern cars are designed tokeep the boundary layer attached to the surface. Minivans are very blunt shapes, and forthese shapes the boundary layer detaches and there is a region of recirculation at the rearof the vehicle.




PROBLEM: 2.31 Players at the 2010 Football World Cup in South Africa com-plained that the ball had an erratic flight path. Discuss some possible fluid-mechanicsreasons for problems with the ball.

SOLUTION

From Wikipedia, 26March2012: 2010 FIFA World Cup Match Ball

“The match ball for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been criticized[sic] for the differentMagnus effect to previous match balls. The current ball is described as having less Magnuseffect and as a result flies further but with less controllable swerve.” (reference in Wikipedia:SBS 2010 FIFA World Cup Show interview 22 June 2010 10:30pm by Craig Johnston)

The Magnus effect is a description of a force that is created by a spinning object. Whenan object spins, it creates circulation (see Chapter 10). In potential flow with circulation,there is lift, that is, a sidewise force on the object. For a soccer ball, sidewise forces canallow players to bend the ball’s flight path and fool the gatekeeper.




PROBLEM: 2.32 What is the purpose of the water towers that many towns build(Figure 2.51)? What determines how high the water tank should be?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.33 Fill a straw by placing it in a liquid. If we place a finger over thetop and remove the straw from the liquid, the straw remains full. Why does the water notflow out of the straw (Figure 2.52)?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.34 Why do home plumbing systems have vents (Figure 2.53)?

SOLUTION

Household plumbing systems are used to deliver waste to the sewer system. The trapsthat separate plumbing fixtures from the main waste lines need to have atmospheric pressureon the inside as well as on the outside of the trap. The vent provides this atmosphericpressure. Also, sewer gases from waste exit the house through the vent.




PROBLEM: 2.35 In an experiment often showed to children, a colored liquid isplaced in a 2-liter soda bottle that is subsequently connected at the neck to a second 2-litersoda bottle. When all the liquid is in one bottle and the contraption is inverted, the liquidflows slowly and haltingly from top to bottom. If the fluid is swirled, however, it drainsrapidly from top to bottom. What is happening in this experiment? Use fluid-mechanicsconcepts in your explanation.

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.36 Many adventure and horror movies feature quicksand. Whatis quicksand? Does quicksand really exist? How does quicksand work? Is quicksand aNewtonian fluid?

SOLUTION

Quicksand is a suspension of a fine granular material in water. It forms when watersaturates an area and the water cannot escape. The granular material can become fluidizedby earthquakes or by water flows. If the suspension liquefies, things can sink into quicksand.

Quicksand is non-Newtonian. Deforming a quicksand causes the structure to changeand its behavior to change as well. It is very difficult to remove objects from quicksand.




PROBLEM: 2.37 In some homes, the residents learn that when someone is show-ering, no one should flush the toilet or otherwise use water lest the person in the showerreceives a scalding from hot water. What is happening in this circumstance? What is wrongwith the plumbing design to cause this effect?

SOLUTION

Plumbing systems have many junctions where water divides and flows on through thesystem. How much water flows into each path of a complex piping system depends on fluidpressures and the frictional resistance along each path. In a house with a shower running,the person showering adjusts the water valves to get a temperature he likes. When someother valve is opened in the house, however, such as the cold-water valve on a toilet, thecold water available to the shower decreases as some of the source cold water goes to refillthe toilet. If the shower valve does not adjust to take this pressure-change into account, thecold water flow to the shower will decrease and the average water temperature can rise todangerous levels.




PROBLEM: 2.38 Trees need water to live, and they get much of the water theyneed from the ground through their roots. How does water flow up a tree trunk against thedownward pull of gravity? Invoke scientific principles in your answer.

SOLUTION

Xylem cells transport water and some dissolved nutrients within plants. Water crawlsup through the xylem cells as a result of attractive surface forces, the same forces thatproduce surface tension. Like capillary rise in which a fluid is attracted to the walls of acapillary tube and crawls many centimeters up against gravity, the xylem cells in plants areattractive to water and allow water to move against gravity.




PROBLEM: 2.39 In the living space in a spacecraft in orbit around the planet Earth,the Earth’s gravitational pull is not very strong. How are the following processes affectedby a zero-gravity working environment?

SOLUTION

1. Drinking water from the lip of an open glass. Without gravity, the water will not stay

in the bottom of the glass and when turned upside down it will not flow out of the glass

into the mouth.

2. Drinking water with a straw from an open glass. The straw will allow the thirsty person

to pull water towards himself, but the uncontained water may escape the glass due to

whatever motions the astronaut uses while drinking.

3. Drinking water with a straw from a closed box. This is the safest way to drink in zero

gravity; the water cannot escape the box and the straw allows the drinker to pull out

the fluid.

4. The flushing of a toilet. A toilet is designed with gravity to power the flushing action;

thus, a completely different mechanism would have to be used in space.

5. Brewing coffee with an automatic drip coffee maker. Gravity is not present to pull the

water down through the grounds. Some kind of pushing force would have to be employed

to press the water through the bed of coffee.

6. The human digestive system. Some aspects of the digestive system are independent of

gravity and would function. The walls of various vessels and organs are muscular and

use contractions to move foods and waste along. Since we are customarily in gravity,

however, there may be many small ways in which the absence of gravity would impact

digestion.

7. Swallowing food. This is accomplished with muscles and would be minimally affected

by zero gravity.

8. Blood circulation in the human body. This is also an active process, in this case

accomplished by the heart and should be minimally affected by zero gravity.




PROBLEM: 2.40 Why do helium balloons float in air?

SOLUTION

Gravity pulls a helium balloon down, and the downward force is the weight of thehelium. The fluid force of the air on the balloon (buoyancy) pushes the helium balloonup. The upward force due to buoyancy is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by theballoon. Because the weight of the air displaced by the balloon is greater than the weight ofthe helium, the net force is up.




PROBLEM: 2.41 What is the definition of Fanning friction factor? What is thedefinition of the Darcy or Moody friction factor? How can the friction factor be measuredfor a given piping system?

SOLUTION







PROBLEM: 2.42 Water flows through a smooth pipe at Reynolds number ofRe=53,000. What is the Fanning friction factor for this flow? For glycerin and acetoneflowing at the same Reynolds number, what are the friction factors?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.43 When balloon inflated with air is released, it accelerates and fliesaround. Where does the kinetic energy of the balloon originate?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.44 Can you suck foam (frothed milk from a cappuccino or whippedcream from a milk shake) up a straw? Why or why not?

SOLUTION

Some foams have a large liquid content that allow them to be sucked through a straw.Most foams, however, allow air to channel through the pressure drop caused by the suckingand cause the syphon effect to fail. The operation of a straw, like a syphon, depends on thefluid maintaining a continuous phase. If air breaks the continuity of the fluid, the flow stops.




PROBLEM: 2.45 What is a tornado? How does it form? How does it dissipate?

SOLUTION

A tornado is a rotating column of air in the atmosphere that occurs under certainmeteorological conditions of pressure and temperature. The physics behind the formationof tornados is complex. A rapid up-rush of air combined with a steady circulatory motioncan be amplified by the laws of flow (mass and momentum conservation) and tornados form.The NCFMF film on vorticity [114] has a good discussion on vortex dynamics that explainsome of the physics of tornados.




PROBLEM: 2.46 How does water-repellant fabric work?

SOLUTION

Water or any fluid has a chemical composition that determines the specific chemicalinteractions it has with any other matter with which it comes in contact. We do not nor-mally invoke molecular interactions when asking how fluids move, but when there are fluidinterfaces involved, the forces from the molecules at the interface can dominate the physics.

Water-repellant fabrics are designed so that the surface forces from the fabric arerepellant to water. Because the water and the fabric have a repulsive interaction due to themolecular forces, the water beads up and does not penetrate the fabric, and you are keptdry.




PROBLEM: 2.47 When the flow rate from a water faucet is high, the water emergesas an unbroken column of fluid. When the flow rate is decreased, eventually the faucet beginsto drip. Why does the fluid stream break up into droplets?

SOLUTION

The observations described are from two different flow regimes. When the valve isopen, there is lower frictional loss due to the valve and the upstream pressure pushes thefluid out at a rapid rate. When the valve is nearly closed, there is a large amount of frictionalloss due to the valve, and the upstream pressure is not able to overcome the frictional lossesof the valve and the stream slows. Surface tension is a small effect in this flow, which pullsthe surface azimuthally, ensuring a circular cross-section.

If the stream slows to become barely perceptible, the small surface tension forces canbecome important to the flow. Surface tension causes the water to form a spherical bead atthe tip of the faucet rather than to flow out. As the fluid bead grows, eventually the surfacetension is insufficient to hold back the drop, and gravity pulls the drop away from the faucet.




PROBLEM: 2.48 What is vorticity? For what kinds of flows is vorticity important?

SOLUTION

Vorticity is a measure of a flow field’s tendency to rotate fluid elements. Flows witha great deal of curvature often have a great deal of vorticity, but flows that have straightstreamlines may also have vorticity. Conversely, there are flows with curved streamlines thathave no vorticity (see Chapters 8 and 10). The no-slip boundary condition at walls tends tocreate vorticity due to the shear flow there.

Vorticity is a concept and a modeling tool that is helpful in complex flows, especiallycomplex flows with curved streamlines.




PROBLEM: 2.49 How fast is an aircraft going in km/hr if it is travelling at Mach1.4?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.50 An aircraft has a mass of 35, 000 kg and a planform area of 250m2.How much lift must the aircraft generate to fly?

SOLUTION




PROBLEM: 2.51 An aircraft (mass= 25, 000 kg; planform area =203 m2) is foundto have a lift coefficient of CL = 1.8 at stall. What is the stall speed of the aircraft?

SOLUTION



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