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INTRODUCTION TO GISINTRODUCTION TO GIS

Overview and Definition of GISOverview and Definition of GIS

GIS is a new discipline generating massive GIS is a new discipline generating massive interest worldwide.interest worldwide.

During the last 3 decades, there has been a During the last 3 decades, there has been a very rapid rate of theoretical, technological very rapid rate of theoretical, technological and organizational development in the GIS and organizational development in the GIS fieldfield

GIS is an interdisciplinary area used by GIS is an interdisciplinary area used by heterogeneous groupsheterogeneous groups

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Overview and Definition of GISOverview and Definition of GIS

It brings together the ideas developed in various It brings together the ideas developed in various fields such as Computer Science, Mathematics, fields such as Computer Science, Mathematics, Civil Engineering, Surveying, Economics, Civil Engineering, Surveying, Economics, Agriculture and Geography to name a few.Agriculture and Geography to name a few.

Focus of GIS activity centers around Focus of GIS activity centers around Hardware and software Hardware and software Information processingInformation processing ApplicationsApplications

What is Information?What is Information?

InformationInformation isis derivedderived fromfrom thethe interpretationinterpretationofof data,data, whichwhich areare symbolicsymbolic representationrepresentation ofoffeaturesfeatures..

TheThe valuevalue ofof informationinformation dependsdepends onon itsitstimeliness,timeliness, thethe contextcontext inin whichwhich itit isis appliedappliedandand costcost ofof collection,collection, storage,storage, manipulationmanipulationandand presentationpresentation..

InformationInformation isis aa valuablevaluable asset,asset, whichwhich cancan bebeboughtbought andand soldsold forfor aa priceprice..

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InformationInformation Systems are of two typesSystems are of two types Transaction processing systemsTransaction processing systems

Emphasis on recording, updating and retrieving as per Emphasis on recording, updating and retrieving as per the occurrence of operations the occurrence of operations

Operate in onOperate in on--line or batch mode and follows well line or batch mode and follows well defined proceduresdefined procedures

Example : Banking and Airline Reservation Systems Example : Banking and Airline Reservation Systems

Decision Support SystemDecision Support System Emphasis on manipulation, analysis and Emphasis on manipulation, analysis and

particularly modelling to support decision makers.particularly modelling to support decision makers. Used in market analysis, resources planning, defence Used in market analysis, resources planning, defence

etcetc..GIS belongs to the second typeGIS belongs to the second type

What is GIS?What is GIS? AA GeographicalGeographical InformationInformation SystemSystem isis aa tool,tool, whichwhich cancan acceptaccept

largelarge volumesvolumes ofof spatialspatial datadata derivedderived fromfrom aa varietyvariety ofofsources,sources, retrieve,retrieve, manipulate,manipulate, analyseanalyse andand displaydisplay themthemaccordingaccording toto useruser--defineddefined specificationsspecifications..

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Selected Definitions of GISSelected Definitions of GIS DoEDoE ((19871987)) -- AA systemsystem forfor capturing,capturing, storing,storing, checking,checking,

manipulating,manipulating, analysinganalysing andand displayingdisplaying datadata whichwhich arearespatiallyspatially referencedreferenced toto thethe EarthEarth..

AronoffAronoff ((19891989)) -- AnyAny manualmanual oror computercomputer basedbased setset ofofproceduresprocedures usedused toto storestore andand manipulatemanipulate geographicallygeographicallyreferencedreferenced datadata

CarterCarter ((19891989)) -- AnAn institutionalinstitutional entity,entity, reflectingreflecting ananorganizationalorganizational structurestructure thatthat integratesintegrates technologytechnology withwith aadatabase,database, expertiseexpertise andand continuingcontinuing financialfinancial supportsupport overovertimetime

ParkerParker ((19881988)) -- AnAn informationinformation technologytechnology whichwhich stores,stores,analyses,analyses, andand displaysdisplays bothboth spatialspatial andand nonnon--spatialspatial datadata

DuekerDueker ((19791979)) -- AA specialspecial casecase ofof informationinformation systemssystemswherewhere thethe databasedatabase consistsconsists ofof observationsobservations onon spatiallyspatiallydistributeddistributed features,features, activities,activities, oror events,events, whichwhich arearedefinabledefinable inin spacespace asas points,points, lines,lines, oror areasareas.. AA GISGISmanipulatesmanipulates datadata aboutabout thesethese points,points, lineslines andand areasareas totoretrieveretrieve datadata forfor adhocadhoc queriesqueries andand analysesanalyses

Selected Definitions of GISSelected Definitions of GIS SmithSmith etet alal.. ((19871987)) -- AA databasedatabase systemsystem inin whichwhich mostmost ofof thethe datadata areare

spatiallyspatially indexed,indexed, andand uponupon whichwhich aa setset ofof proceduresprocedures operatedoperated ininorderorder toto answeranswer queriesqueries aboutabout spatialspatial entitiesentities inin thethe databasedatabase..

Ozemoy,Ozemoy, SmithSmith andand SichermanSicherman ((19811981)) -- AnAn automatedautomated setset ofoffunctionsfunctions thatthat providesprovides professionalprofessional withwith advancedadvanced capabilitiescapabilities forforthethe storage,storage, retrieval,retrieval, manipulationmanipulation andand displaydisplay ofof geographicallygeographicallylocatedlocated datadata

BurroughBurrough ((19861986)) -- AA powerfulpowerful setset ofof toolstools collecting,collecting, storing,storing,retrievingretrieving atat will,will, transformingtransforming andand displayingdisplaying spatialspatial datadata fromfrom thetherealreal worldworld

CowenCowen ((19881988)) -- AA decisiondecision supportsupport systemsystem involvinginvolving thethe integrationintegrationofof spatiallyspatially referencedreferenced datadata inin aa problemproblem--solvingsolving environmentenvironment

Koshkariov,Koshkariov, TikunovTikunov andand TrofimovTrofimov ((19891989)) -- AA systemsystem withwith advancedadvancedgeogeo--modelingmodeling capabilitiescapabilities

DevineDevine andand FieldField ((19861986)) -- AA formform ofof MISMIS [Management[Management InformationInformationSystem]System] thatthat allowsallows mapmap displaydisplay ofof thethe generalgeneral informationinformation

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Alternative names of GISAlternative names of GIS Multipurpose geographical data systemMultipurpose geographical data system Multipurpose input land use system Multipurpose input land use system Computerised GISComputerised GIS System for handling natural resources inventory dataSystem for handling natural resources inventory data ImageImage--based information systembased information system Land resource information systemLand resource information system Planning information systemPlanning information system Resource information systemResource information system Natural resource management information systemNatural resource management information system Spatial data handling systemSpatial data handling system Spatial data management and comprehensive analysis Spatial data management and comprehensive analysis

systemsystem Geographically referenced information system Geographically referenced information system Spatial information systemSpatial information system Environmental information system Environmental information system Automated GISAutomated GIS Land information systemLand information system Automated mapping and facilities managementAutomated mapping and facilities management Knowledge based GISKnowledge based GIS

Why GIS MattersWhy GIS Matters

Almost everything happens somewhereAlmost everything happens somewhere

Knowing where some things happen is critically importantKnowing where some things happen is critically important Position of administrative boundariesPosition of administrative boundaries Location of infrastructure facilitiesLocation of infrastructure facilities Routing vehiclesRouting vehicles Management of natural resourcesManagement of natural resources Monitoring development schemesMonitoring development schemes

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GI is SpecialGI is Special

MultidimensionalMultidimensional

VoluminousVoluminous

Requires projection to flat surfaceRequires projection to flat surface Unique analysis methodsUnique analysis methods

Analyses require data integrationAnalyses require data integration

Data updates are expensive and time consumingData updates are expensive and time consuming

Map displays require fast data retrievalMap displays require fast data retrieval

Advantages of GISAdvantages of GIS

Reduction in data redundancy Reduction in data redundancy Data integrationData integrationMaintaining data consistencyMaintaining data consistencyCapability of data updatingCapability of data updatingCapability of data storage and retrievalCapability of data storage and retrievalCapability of data processing and Capability of data processing and

modelingmodelingAutomated mappingAutomated mapping

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Where is a GIS from ? Where is a GIS from ?

GeographyGeography CartographyCartography CAD and computer graphicsCAD and computer graphics Surveying and photogrammetrySurveying and photogrammetry Remote Sensing and space Remote Sensing and space

technologytechnology

Key components areKey components are Hardware Hardware

High end workstations to desktop systemsHigh end workstations to desktop systems

SoftwareSoftwareGeo processing engine of GISGeo processing engine of GISMajor Functions Major Functions collect, store, manage, collect, store, manage,

query, analyse and present query, analyse and present GIS data base (spatial and related data)GIS data base (spatial and related data) Live wareLive ware

People responsible for designing, implementation People responsible for designing, implementation and using GISand using GIS

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GeographicGeographic Information SystemInformation System

Organized collection ofOrganized collection of

HardwareHardware SoftwareSoftware NetworkNetwork DataData PeoplePeople ProceduresProcedures

PeopleSoftware

Data

Procedures

Hardware

Network

GIS Data BaseGIS Data Base

GIS gets subdivided based on the application it GIS gets subdivided based on the application it is being usedis being used

The technology and methods remain the same The technology and methods remain the same among the application systemsamong the application systems

In GIS, reality is represented as a series of In GIS, reality is represented as a series of geographical features defined according to two geographical features defined according to two data elementsdata elements TheThe geographicalgeographical (spatial)(spatial) datadata elementelement isis

usedused toto provideprovide aa referencereference forfor thethe attributeattribute(nonspatial)(nonspatial) datadata elementelement

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GIS Data Base contGIS Data Base contExample : Example : Administrative boundaries Administrative boundaries -- Spatial Spatial Census Data Census Data -- Attribute dataAttribute data

In GIS, spatial data is the key feature which differentiates In GIS, spatial data is the key feature which differentiates it from other information systemsit from other information systems

Geographical data are expensive to collect, store and Geographical data are expensive to collect, store and manipulatemanipulate

Large volumes of data are needed for a good study Large volumes of data are needed for a good study Data collection cost higher than cost of hardware and Data collection cost higher than cost of hardware and

softwaresoftware National and Global digital databases are getting National and Global digital databases are getting

developeddeveloped

Spatial Data Layers

Landuse

Location

Soil

LandCapability

Roads

VillagesBnd

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GIS and Other Information SystemsGIS and Other Information SystemsComputer Aided Design (CAD) systems Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems

Help to design and draft new objectsHelp to design and draft new objects Graphic based and use symbols to represent featuresGraphic based and use symbols to represent features Rudimentary Links to Data BasesRudimentary Links to Data Bases Use simple topological relationshipsUse simple topological relationships Handle small quantities of dataHandle small quantities of data Do not have analytical capabilities to carry out user defined Do not have analytical capabilities to carry out user defined

criteria analysiscriteria analysisComputer Cartography SystemsComputer Cartography Systems

Use simple data structures and no topologyUse simple data structures and no topology Emphasize display rather than retrievalEmphasize display rather than retrieval Can be linked to data bases and simple retrievals are Can be linked to data bases and simple retrievals are

supportedsupported Good facilities for map output and generation of high Good facilities for map output and generation of high

quality productquality productData Base Management SystemsData Base Management Systems

Well developed for storage and retrieval of attribute dataWell developed for storage and retrieval of attribute data Supports limited graphical displaySupports limited graphical display Carries out simple analytical functionsCarries out simple analytical functions Do not support spatial analytical operationsDo not support spatial analytical operations

GIS and Other Information Systems(Contd..)GIS and Other Information Systems(Contd..)Remote Sensing SystemsRemote Sensing Systems

Designed to store, manipulate and display raster data Designed to store, manipulate and display raster data collected by multispectral scanners on space platformscollected by multispectral scanners on space platforms

Cannot support operations like network analysis and Cannot support operations like network analysis and cannot produce high quality plot from coordinate geometrycannot produce high quality plot from coordinate geometry

Poor links to DBMSPoor links to DBMS Good facilities for enhancing and classifying remotely Good facilities for enhancing and classifying remotely

sensed imagessensed imagesGeographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems

Evolved from the above systems and have many features Evolved from the above systems and have many features common with themcommon with them

Special features of GIS is its capability to analyze spatial data Special features of GIS is its capability to analyze spatial data along with attribute data along with attribute data

Conventional Statistical analysis systems support the Conventional Statistical analysis systems support the analysis of attribute data and do not have capabilities for analysis of attribute data and do not have capabilities for spatial analysis and modelingspatial analysis and modeling

Spatial searching and overlay are unique operations carried Spatial searching and overlay are unique operations carried out in GISout in GIS

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View of GISView of GIS GIS has widespread applicability and heterogeneity in user GIS has widespread applicability and heterogeneity in user

communitycommunity

Map View Map View -- Focuses on cartographic aspects. GIS is seen as map Focuses on cartographic aspects. GIS is seen as map

processing or display systemsprocessing or display systemsData Base View Data Base View --

Emphasizes the importance of a well designed and Emphasizes the importance of a well designed and implemented database implemented database

Supported by GIS community with Computer Science Supported by GIS community with Computer Science background background

Analysis can be carried out on tabular database Analysis can be carried out on tabular database Operations on spatial data with attribute data carried out by Operations on spatial data with attribute data carried out by

complex procedurescomplex proceduresSpatial Analysis View -

Emphasizes the importance of spatial analysis. Focuses on analysis and modeling in GIS as a Spatial Information Science

What Does A GIS Do?What Does A GIS Do?

GIS can answer the following questionsGIS can answer the following questions::

1.1. Location Location -- What is at a given location?What is at a given location?

2.2. Condition Condition -- Where does it occur?Where does it occur?

3.3. Routing Routing -- What is the best way?What is the best way?

4.4. Trend Trend -- What has changed?What has changed?

5.5. Pattern Pattern -- What is the pattern?What is the pattern?

6.6. Modeling Modeling -- What happens if ?What happens if ?

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Reasons for Success of GISReasons for Success of GIS GreatGreat proliferationproliferation ofof informationinformation aboutabout culturalcultural andand naturalnatural

environmentenvironment RemoteRemote SensingSensing satellites,satellites, marketmarket surveys,surveys, topographictopographic

surveyssurveys etcetc.. produceproduce largelarge quantitiesquantities ofof digitaldigital datadata.. ManyMany ofof thesethese datadata havehave somesome typetype ofof explicitexplicit oror implicitimplicit

geographicalgeographical referencereference ThisThis geographicalgeographical referencereference hashas helpedhelped inin linkinglinking datadata setssets

togethertogether andand thisthis principleprinciple isis oneone ofof thethe reasonsreasons forfor thethesuccesssuccess ofof GISGIS

HaveHave greatgreat commercialcommercial applicationsapplications They address significant global, national, local, social They address significant global, national, local, social

and scientific problemsand scientific problems Rapid reduction in the cost of computer hardware and Rapid reduction in the cost of computer hardware and

softwaresoftware

DevelopmentDevelopment of GIS Applicationsof GIS Applications In the initial phase, the main activity was assembling, In the initial phase, the main activity was assembling,

organizing and understanding an inventory of features organizing and understanding an inventory of features like forest resources maps, soil types, utility networks like forest resources maps, soil types, utility networks etc.etc.

In this phase, the systems were primarily used for In this phase, the systems were primarily used for data queries such as locations and condition data queries such as locations and condition questionsquestions

The second phase got evolved for covering complex The second phase got evolved for covering complex analytical operationsanalytical operations

They require data spread across several layers and They require data spread across several layers and use of statistical and spatial analytical techniques.use of statistical and spatial analytical techniques.

Applications such as determining the suitability of Applications such as determining the suitability of land for locating a retail store or monitoring changes land for locating a retail store or monitoring changes in a regionin a region

The third and most developed phase is the evolution of The third and most developed phase is the evolution of GIS as a decision support system.GIS as a decision support system.

Special emphasis is on spatial, analytical and Special emphasis is on spatial, analytical and modeling activitiesmodeling activities

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Resources Management Landuse Planning Agriculture Forestry Water Resources Management Rural/Urban Planning Environmental Management Risk Management Business /Marketing Real Estate

Facility Mapping

TransportationsManagement

Telecommunication Mining Government Agencies Defence Emergency Operations Crime Management Epidemiology Archaeology

APPLICATIONS

Business of GISBusiness of GIS

GIS industry is worth over $16 billionGIS industry is worth over $16 billion

SoftwareSoftware DataData ServicesServices PublishingPublishing EducationEducation

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Number ofUsers

CostInternetViewer

ComponentHand-heldDesktopProfessional

Functionality

GIS Software ClassificationGIS Software Classification

0 1000000 2000000 3000000

Users

Internet

Viewer

Component

Hand-held

Desktop

Professional

Type of Software System

GIS MarketGIS Market

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The Management of GISThe Management of GIS

GIS projects just like others projects, needGIS projects just like others projects, need

Clear objectivesClear objectives Project orientationProject orientation Focused timescalesFocused timescales Risk managementRisk management Effective communicationEffective communication

SummarySummary

Understanding GIS requires consideration of Understanding GIS requires consideration of science, systems and studiesscience, systems and studies

GIS provides a framework to manage the worldGIS provides a framework to manage the world The real value of GIS is its problem solving The real value of GIS is its problem solving

capabilitycapability The future of GIS is brightThe future of GIS is bright