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Introduction To GIS

Eng\ Mahmoud S. Elwakeil

FCI – GIS Lab

Presents

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What is a GIS?

A means of storing, retrieving, sorting, and comparing spatial data to support some analytic processes.

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Information System

Geographic Position

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Geographic Information System:A GIS consists of a database, map,

information, and a computer-based link between them.

GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

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What is a GIS?

Geographic information or data about real world feature stored in a system database that can be accessed, displayed, manipulated by a specific software (ARCGIS)

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ما هو نظام المعلومات الجغرافيالمواقع يربط و الخرائط إلعداد قوي نظام

عنها بمعلومات

وتحليل ومعالجة وإدارة لجمع حاسوبي نظامالمكانية الطبيعة ذات البيانات

شارعالشارع اسم

نوعهالحارات عدد

فيه

معالم الخريطة

(map features)

جداول أو الصفات السمات(attributes)

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GIS Main Concepts أو معها التعامل أستطيع ال الحقيقي العالم أو العادي الوضع في الخريطةطبقات عدة الي الخريطة تقسيم يتم ولذلك منها نتائج أو بيانات أي استخالصالشوارع – مثل الواقع من معين واحد شيء عن معلومات تحتوي طبقة كلهذه – ... من واحد وكل حدة علي طبقة كل مع التعامل لتسهيل المياه البناياتداخل تصفها بها ومرتبطة بها خاصة معلومات لها طبقة كل بداخل التي االشياء

البيانات قاعدة Features have attributes associated with

them. Imagine a tree. How would you keep track of and communicate information about this tree to other people who need to know all about it? You might use a database to keep track of what species it is, how old it is, how tall it is, how healthy it is, and any other attributes that are important. This tree is one record in a database. We call each category (i.e. tree height) a field.

Layers representing the real world

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GIS concepts are not new!London cholera epidemic 1854

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Cholera death

Water pump+

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What GIS used for ? local government activities estimated to be geographically

based (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage collection, land

ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police) المياه شبكاتالحرائق واطفاء والبوليس والنظافة والصرف

natural resource management الطبيعية الثروات إدارة highways and transportation والنقل السريعة الطرق شبكات في تستخدم

جديدة طرق انشاء عند

scientific research employs GIS geography, geology, botany النبات وعلم والجيولوجيا الجغرافيا sociology, economics, political science والعلوم واالقتصاد االجتماع علم

السياسية

Military and defense Battlefield management المكان واختيار العدو تمركز أماكن بمعرفة الحرب ساحة ادارة

فيه للتمركز للجيش األنسب

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businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications retail site selection & customer analysis إلقامة األنسب الموقع اختيار

معينة لمواصفات طبقا مشروع natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.) الثروات علي التنقيب

الطبيعية precision agriculture التكنولوجيا على تعتمد زراعة هي الدقيقة الزراعة

العالمي التموضع ونظام الصناعية الجغرافية (GPS)واألقمار المعلومات وأنظمةالري كميات تحديد مثل الزراعية، بالعملية المتعلقة المختلفة المتغيرات لفهم

وكمياته الحصاد بفترات والتنبؤ واألسمدة، .المناسبة، logistics: vehicle tracking & routing والتوجيه المركبات تعقب تحديد في اس آي جي ال استخدام علي قائم أمريكا في التاكسي شبكة نظام

اليه ليرسله المتصل للعميل االقرب وايها تاكسي كل موقع civil engineering and construction ايجاد في واالنشاء المدنية الهندسة

الطبيعية والتغيرات والصخور التربة لنوع طبقا سكنية مدينة النشاء مكان افضل

What Is GIS used for ? Cont.

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GIS Applications The major areas of GIS application

Local Government Public works/infrastructure management (roads, water, sewer) Planning and environmental management property records and appraisal

Real Estate and Marketing والتسويق العVقارات Retail site selection, site evaluation الموقع وتقييم اختبار

Public safety and defense Crime analysis, fire prevention, emergency management,

military/defenseNatural resource exploration/extraction – عن التنقيب

الطبيعية الموارد استخراج Petroleum, minerals, quarrying والمحاجر والمعادن البترول

Transportation Airline route planning, transportation planning/modeling

Public health and epidemiology األوبئة وعلم العVامة الصحة

إلنجاز -1 المناسبة المواقع على العثورما هدف

محددة ومعايير شروط على اعتماداً

خطوات، GISيقوم عدة عبر بمفرده القرار ذلك باكتشاف. المستخدم تدخل دون

افتتاح يجوز الفي مدرسة

ألن Cالموقعال Aالمدرسة

عنها تبعدبالمسافة المطلوبة

Bالموقع مناسبإلفتتاح مدرسة

التاليين GISيستخدم الهدفين أحد إلنجاز: كليهما أو

المعلومات لنظام األساسية الفكرة هذهقوته ومصدر الجغرافية

معالم - 2 خصائص عن االستعالمحددت الخريطة إذا

معلماً على

الخريطة فإنه

يوصلك إلى

صفاته

حددت إذاصفات

يدلك فإنهمعلم علىالخريطة

تلك صاحبالصفات

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Examples of Applied GIS Civil Engineering/Utility

Locating underground facilities Designing alignment for freeways,

transit Coordination of infrastructure

maintenance Business

Demographic Analysis Market Penetration/ Share Analysis Site Selection

Education Administration Attendance Area Maintenance Enrollment Projections School Bus Routing

Real Estate Neighborhood land prices Traffic Impact Analysis Determination of Highest and Best

Use Health Care

Epidemiology Needs Analysis Service Inventory

Urban Planning, Management & Policy Zoning, subdivision planning Land acquisition Economic development Code enforcement Housing renovation programs Emergency response Crime analysis Tax assessment

Environmental Sciences Monitoring environmental risk Modeling stormwater runoff Management of watersheds,

floodplains, wetlands, forests, aquifers

Environmental Impact Analysis Hazardous or toxic facility siting Groundwater modeling and

contamination tracking Political Science

Redistricting Analysis of election results Predictive modeling

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What GIS Applications Do:

Map Production الخرائط انتاج Calculation of Areas, Distances, Route Lengths والطرق والمسافات المساحات حساب Measurement Of Slope, Aspect, View Shed والمرتفعات المنحدرات قياس Logistics: Route Planning, Vehicle Tracking, Traffic Management المرور وادارة الطرق تخطيط

By Tying Data to Maps, لمعايير طبقا استخراجها وامكانية بالخرائط البيانات ربط معينة

provides answers to spatial queries (how many elderly in Richardson live further than 10 minutes at rush hour from ambulance service?)

من ) أبعد المقيم ريتشاردسون في المسنين عدد المكانية االستفسارات على إجابات 10يقدم) اإلسعاف؟ خدمة من الذروة ساعة في دقيقة

perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for transportation planning, disaster planning, resource management, utility design)

manage, analyze, communicate

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GIS Applications Cont.

Business Education Mapping&Charting

Health Services Public Safety Transportation

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Business : e-Map Application for Easy Access to Road Data and

Images Store Site Selection System Land for Education Foundation Property Database Query

and Management System

Health:Environmental Pollution Control GIS

Public Safety :Incident Command System of Fire Bureau Disaster Prevention Area Planning (Volcanoes – Earthquake - Floods)

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Who uses GIS?International organizations

UN HABITAT, The World Bank, UNEP, FAO, WHO, etc.Private industry

Transport, Real Estate, Insurance, etc. Government

Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture, etc.Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc.Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks, Transportation,

etc.Non-profit organizations/NGO’s

World Resources Institute, ICMA, etc.Academic and Research Institutions

Smithsonian Institution, CIESIN, etc.

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GIS Components

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What can you do with GIS ???1-Map Vs Layers

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2-Features Vs Attributes

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3-Attributes Vs Data

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GIS Data Layers… الطبقات A feature layer is the representation of a feature class .

Layers are the mechanism used to display geographic datasets in ArcGIS.

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GIS Input and OutputGIS Input

1- Spatial Data (Location - Border)2- Non Spatial Data –Descriptive Data

GIS Output 1-Map2-Report3-Graph – 3D Movie

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Types of GIS OutputGIS (geographic information system)

provides maps that's its basic function and probably the reason you bought it. But a GIS offers more than maps, and the following list includes other outputs:

Maps: Everyone recognizes this most common output from a GIS.

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Charts: GIS can produce pie charts, histograms (bar charts), line charts, and even pictures in addition to maps.

Reports

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3D diagrams and movies: These forms of GIS output help you see the results of your work realistically and dramatically.

خرائط تقارير

رسومات بيانية

Maps Graphs

Reports

بيانات مكانيةبيانات وصفية

معالجةاستفسار

تحليل

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GIS DATA TYPESSpatial Data & Non Spatial Data1-Spatial Data ) ( والحدود الموقع المكانية البيانات It is the data or information that identifies the

geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth . Also known as geospatial data or geographic information.

Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology. Also it is data that can be mapped. Spatial data is often accessed, manipulated or analyzed through Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

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GIS DATA TYPES Cont. 2-Non Spatial(Descriptive)Data الوصفية البيانات

Refer to the properties of spatial entities or features.

information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For example, attributes of a river might include its name & length, area & height of a building.

It is also called Attribute data , Characteristic data & Tabular and Descriptive data

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المكانية البيانات(Data Spatial)

الوصفيةالبيانات ( Descriptive Data)

تصف البيانات من مجموعةعلى تظهر وال مكاني عنصر

هيئة على وتكون المخططنصوص أو .جداول

عن معلومات موقع تتضمنالجغرافية وشكل المعالم

في عادة وتخزنعام وبشكل إحداثياتالبيانات قاعدة تشكل

القسم المكانيةنظام في الرسومي

الجغرافية المعلومات( الخارطة(

المكان بتغير تتغير ال

: مثال

العمري التوزيعمدينة لسكان

عمره في 40فمن سنةيصبح ليبيا في 41لن سنة

مصر

المكان بتغير تتغير: مثال

السكانية الكثافةمدينة في

منطقة حسب تتغيرالمدينة مركز بين الدراسة

وضواحيها

نظام معها يتعامل التي البياناتالجغرافي المعلومات

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GIS Data models

A data model in geographic information systems is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data.

1-Vector data model2-Raster data model

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1-Vector Data Model

vector data model: A representation of the world using points, lines, and polygons. Vector models are useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels, and streets.

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Vector Data Model Cont.

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2-Raster Data Modelraster data model: A

representation of the world as a surface divided into a regular grid of cells. Raster models are useful for storing data that varies continuously, as in an aerial photograph, a satellite image, a surface of chemical concentrations, or an elevation surface.

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Raster Data Model Cont.

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Vector Vs. Raster Data Model

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VECTOR MODEL

Advantages1. It has a relatively compact data structure so storage requirements are less.2. Features can be accurately located. 3. Very small features can be shown and all features can be accurately drawn.4. Data about individual features can easily be retrieved for updating or correction. Disadvantages1. It has a more complex data structure.2. Overlay operations are difficult to implement. 3. Data capture can be very slow.4. Area or polygon analyses are difficult.

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Advantages1. It has a simple data structure. 2. Area and polygon analysis is simple.3. Overlaying and merging are easily performed.4. The technology is cheap and in the future it will have greater cost advantages.

Disadvantages1. The sheer volume of data to be stored and handled can be very high.2. There can be a serious loss of detail with larger pixel sizes (poor resolution).

RASTER MODEL

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Introduction to ARCGIS  ArcGIS is a geographic information system(GIS) for

working with maps and geographic information. It is used for: creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analyzing mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and geographic information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a database.

ArcGIS Desktop is the primary product used by GIS professionals to compile, use, and manage geographic information. It includes comprehensive professional GIS applications that support a number of GIS tasks, including mapping, data compilation,

analysis, geodatabase management, and geographic information sharing.

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Map Creation and Interactive Visualization

Visually model and spatially analyze a process or workflow.

Create interactive maps from file, databaseCreate street-level maps that incorporate GPS

locations.View CAD data or satellite imagesGenerate reports and charts.

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ArcGIS Applications Description •ArcMap: ArcMap 

allows the user to display and query maps, create quality  hardcopy maps and perform many spatial analysis tasks.

  ArcMap  provides an easy transition from viewing a map to  editing its  spatial features. 

•ArcCatalog: ArcCatalog allows the user to easily access and   manage geographic data that is stored in folders on local disks 

or relational databases that are available on the user's network. Data can be copied, moved, deleted, and quickly viewed before it is added to a map.  

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• ArcToolbox:  ArcToolbox provides an environment for performing geoprocessing operations(operations that involve alteration 

or information extraction).  Tools step the user through the many

 geoprocessing tasks. ArcToolbox is embedded in both ArcCatalog and ArcMap. 

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Tools ToolbarAdd DataZoom In Zoom Out Fixed Zoom In Fixed Zoom OutFull ExtentPanSelect FeaturesClear Selected

Features

IdentifyFindGo To X YMeasureHyperlinkHTML PopupCreate Viewer

WindowNext , Previous

extent

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Standard ToolbarNew Map FileOpen Save PrintCut CopyPasteUndoRedo

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Export Map as Image(jpg – png – gif – pdf - bmp)

Menu bar

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Arc Toolbox

ClipSelectSplitTable SelectEraseIdentityIntersectUnionSymmetric DifferenceBufferNear

Point DistanceAdd X,Y CoordinatesFeature To PointFeature To Line Feature To PolygonAppendMergeJoinDissolveNetwork Analyst

Tools

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Arc Toolbox Cont.Clip : Extracts input features that overlay the clip features.

Split : Breaks the Input Features into multiple output feature classes.  same as the Split Field's unique values. Output feature classes are maintained in the target workspace.

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Select : Extracts features from an input feature class or input feature layer and stores them in a new output feature class. The output feature class may be created with a subset of features based on a Structured Query Language (SQL) expression.

Table Select : Extracts selected table records or features from an input table or table view and stores them in a new output table.

Erase :

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