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Introduction to GIS in Water Resources
David R. MaidmentDirector,
Center for Research in Water Resources
University of Texas at Austin
CRWR
National Hydro Data ProgramsNational Elevation Dataset
(NED)National Hydrography Dataset
(NHD)
Watershed Boundary DatasetNED-Hydrology
National Elevation Dataset
• Digital Elevation Model with 1 arc-second (30m) cells
• Seamless in 1° blocks for the United States
• 10 billion data• Derived from USGS
1:24,000 quadrangle sheets
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Contours
720
700
680
740
680700720740
720 720
Austin West 30 Meter DEM
32
16
8
64
4
128
1
2
Eight Direction Pour Point Model
Water flows in the direction of steepest descent
Flow Direction Grid
32
16
8
64
4
128
1
2
Cell to Cell Grid NetworkThrough the Landscape
Stream cell
Delineation of Streams and Watersheds on a DEM
GTOPO30 - 1 km Digital Elevation Model of the Earth
Drainage in North America
1500 Major Drainage Basins
National Hydro Data ProgramsNational Elevation Dataset
(NED)National Hydrography Dataset
(NHD)
Watershed Boundary DatasetNED-Hydrology
Watersheds of the US
2-digit water resource regions 8-digit HUC watersheds
Hydrologic Unit Code Watersheds~ 2000 for US, about the size of counties
Watershed Hierarchy
8 HUC
4
2
6
NED-H
1012
Available In Progress
Digit #
Watershed Boundary Dataset
• National Program by USGS and USDA (NRCS)
• Boundaries for 10- and 12- digit watersheds
• First cut is by automated delineation from NED
• Hand checked and edited
10-digit watersheds
• National program by USGS and NWS
• 5000 cell threshold on a 30m DEM (~ 8 km2 average drainage area)
• ~ 1 million catchments for US when completed
• Includes grid derived products e.g. topmodel index
EPA River Reach File 1 (RF1)
River networksfor 8-digit HUC watersheds
Lower West Fork, Trinity River BasinHUC = 12030102
NHD River Reaches
412 River ReachesIn Upper West Fork
River Reach Codes
Rch_Code = 12030102000151
Rch_Code = 12030102000005
HUC# Segment#
Colorado River Network1:100,000 scale river network
developed from NHD~ 60,000 edges
40,000 mile2 drainage area
City of Austin Stream Network
Developed from 1”=100’Capco Areal photogrammetry
1:1200 scale63,000 edges
6,300 stream miles
Stream Definition: Waller CreekAustin Watersheds with Streamsderived from Aerial Photographs
Streamlines generated by the aerial photographs are not always continuous.
Information for Correcting Stream Network
•DEM
•Contours
•Storm sewers
•Orthophotos
Resulting Corrected Stream
Subsequent steps:• Verification of corrected streams by flood hydrologists.• Running “tracer” program to connect arcs.• Burning of streams into DEM.
Colorado River at Mansfield Dam
River ReachesLake Travis
From NHD1:100,000
scale
City of AustinStream network
1:1200 scale
Detailed Comparison between NHD and Austin streams
Good agreement between data sets developed independently at very different spatial scales
County Level Digital Soil Maps
National Land Cover Dataset
PRISM Mean Annual Precipitation
National Water Information System
Web access to USGS water resources data in real time
39
Synthesis of GIS and Modeling
GIS Environmental Modeling
Environmental description Process representation
Data
Input
Model
Results
(slide from 1st International Conference on GIS and Environmental Modeling, Boulder, 1991)
40
Data-Driven Modeling
Model 1
Model 2
Models
Data base
Data sources
12
Form the model within the frame of the available data
(slide from 3rd International Conference on GIS and Environmental Modeling, Santa Fe, 1996)
Successes in GIS-Model Integration• EPA Office of Science and Technology
– BASINS
• Hydrologic Engineering Center– HEC GeoRAS and HEC-GeoHMS
• Waterways Experiment Station and Brigham Young University– WMS, GMS, SMS,…
• Danish Hydraulic Institute – Mike11 GIS, Mike Basin, Mike21 GIS
Sta
te a
nd
Loc
al D
ata
Sta
te a
nd
Loc
al D
ata
DecisionsDecisions
Watershed Management
.
TMDL.
Source Water Protection
.Stormwater
DecisionsDecisions
Watershed Management
.
TMDL.
Source Water Protection
.Stormwater
DataDataCartographicCartographic
MonitoringMonitoring
LoadingsLoadings
DataDataCartographicCartographic
MonitoringMonitoring
LoadingsLoadings
ModelsModels HSPF - NPSMHSPF - NPSM
QUAL2EQUAL2E
TOXIROUTETOXIROUTE
Post-ProcessorsPost-Processors
ModelsModels HSPF - NPSMHSPF - NPSM
QUAL2EQUAL2E
TOXIROUTETOXIROUTE
Post-ProcessorsPost-Processors
ToolsToolsTargetTarget
AssessmentAssessment
Data MiningData Mining
ReportingReporting
ToolsToolsTargetTarget
AssessmentAssessment
Data MiningData Mining
ReportingReporting
BASINSBASINS - Integrating GIS and Water Quality ModelingTarget
Assess
DM
Integrating GIS and HEC Flood Models
ArcViewDigital
ElevationModel
HEC-HMSFlood
discharge
HEC-RASWatersurfaceprofiles
ArcViewFlood
plain maps
HEC-GeoHMS HEC-GeoRAS
Digital Map Database
Austin Watersheds
DEM Watersheds for Austin
Integrating GIS and HEC Flood Models
ArcViewDigital
ElevationModel
HEC-HMSFlood
discharge
HEC-RASWatersurfaceprofiles
ArcViewFlood
plain maps
HEC-GeoHMS HEC-GeoRAS
Digital Map Database
Austin Watersheds
DEM Watersheds for Austin
Selected Watersheds and Streams
Mansfield Dam
ColoradoRiver
HMS Schematic Prepared with CRWR-PrePro
Mansfield Dam
ColoradoRiver
HMS Model of the Austin Region
HMS Results
Watershed 155 Junction 44
Integrating GIS and HEC Flood Models
ArcViewDigital
ElevationModel
HEC-HMSFlood
discharge
HEC-RASWatersurfaceprofiles
ArcViewFlood
plain maps
HEC-GeoHMS HEC-GeoRAS
Digital Map Database
Waller Creek DEM
Waller Creek HMS Model
Connecting HMS and RAS
HMS
RAS
Discharge at a Particular Cross-Section(HMS) (RAS)
Points describe channel and floodway geometry
Bank station locations
Water surface elevations and floodplain boundaries
HEC-RAS: Cross-Section Description
Flood Plain Mapping
Floodplain Mapping: 3-D View