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Introduction to IBM MessageSight

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An introduction to IBM MessagSight, IBM's gateway to the Internet of Things and Mobile Messaging. As the Internet of Things and M2M become more pervasive are you ready to engage and get the benefits? Do you want to get the benefits of rapid, reliable messaging in the mobile world? This session will cover an introduction to MessageSight, latest updates and an introduction to MQTT.
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© 2014 IBM Corporation Introduction to IBM MessageSight Gateway to the Internet of Things and Mobile messaging IOT-1899
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Page 1: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

© 2014 IBM Corporation

Introduction to IBM

MessageSight

Gateway to the Internet of Things

and Mobile messaging

IOT-1899

Page 2: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Please Note

IBM’s statements regarding its plans, directions, and intent are subject to change

or withdrawal without notice at IBM’s sole discretion.

Information regarding potential future products is intended to outline our general

product direction and it should not be relied on in making a purchasing decision.

The information mentioned regarding potential future products is not a

commitment, promise, or legal obligation to deliver any material, code or

functionality. Information about potential future products may not be incorporated

into any contract. The development, release, and timing of any future features or

functionality described for our products remains at our sole discretion.

Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard IBM

benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput or performance

that any user will experience will vary depending upon many factors, including

considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user’s job stream,

the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed.

Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve results

similar to those stated here.

Page 3: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM Messaging – Market segments

Deliver Messaging Backbone for Enterprise Focus on traditional MQ values, rock-solid enterprise-class

service, ease-of-operation, breadth of platform coverage,

availability, z/OS exploitation

Capture Big Data from Mobile and Internet of Things Focus on Internet-scale events, m2m device enablement,

zero-admin, security and privacy, feed into real-time

analytics, location-based notifications

Enable Developers to build more scalable, responsive

applications Focus on new app dev use cases, breadth of languages, ease-of-

deployment, lightweight services, integration with developer

frameworks

Page 4: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

50Bn Connected Devices by 2020

4Q 2013, Dept store drives 32% of sales online 1.8Bn New Smartphones in 2013

Tablets outnumbered PC sales in 4Q 2013

The world is changing…

Page 5: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Devices & Mobiles will be the touch points that drive new revenue streams

New Customer Interaction Points for the 21st Century

Page 6: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Smart Scales: Track health in outpatients

Connected car: Tracks location, status of car parts

Mobile: Mobile payments

Heating and Air Conditioning: Maximum efficiency using weather predictions and remote control

Building Security: Facial recognition, remote notification

Smart Deliveries: Track parcel Monitor and open garage door remotely on arrival

Smart Meter: Track and control usage

Vending Machine: Stock reporting, temperature, shelf life

HealthCare: Monitor patients at home

Container Tracking: End to end tracking, prevent tampering

The Internet of Things is everywhere…

Page 7: Introduction to IBM MessageSight
Page 8: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Mobile Is Changing Interactions Across Industries

Mobile banking transactions grew at

138% CAGR from 0.3B in 2008 to 9.4B in 2012

25% of all online search for travel comes from a mobile device

1/3 of citizens access the U.S. federal government website by logging in from phones or tablets

Page 9: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

And Ultimately Changing How Individuals Are Getting Things Done

62% use devices for work related email

47% use devices to read and write docs

41% use devices to access work related apps

Page 10: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Connecting the Enterprise to the Internet of Things and Mobile

• Purpose-built messaging appliance

• Secure, Easy to deploy, Simple to manage

• Developer-friendly support for JavaScript APIs, WebSockets, Android, and iOS

• Optimized for wireless communications and massive scale Internet of Things and Mobile at edge of enterprise

Introducing IBM MessageSight

Page 11: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Use cases

Page 12: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Business Challenge: Optimize utilization of service resources and

and reduce mean-time-to-repair though real-time predictive failure

analysis and service logistics pre-staging

Data Sources Engine Control Module

In-dash Head Unit

via Wireless Networks

Real-time Logistics

Optimization

(Parts & Skilled Labor)

Real-time

Analytics

Operational

Decision

Management

IBM MessageSight gives you the ability to securely and reliably integrate

millions of vehicles into a centralized large-scale monitoring and control

infrastructure while minimizing data and operational costs as well as server

build out.

Automotive Use Case Service Revenue Optimization

Page 13: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Business Challenge: Tap new revenue streams of value-add vehicle

services based on secure and reliable mobile integration with the vehicle

Data Sources/Destinations Mobile Users & Vehicles

Decision

Management

System

“I forgot to lock my car!”

“It’s starting to rain, roll up my car windows!”

“Start my car a/c before I leave work”

IBM MessageSight provides secure and reliable connectivity between mobile apps

with vehicles on a large scale in a cost effective manner.

Reliability is critical in consumer-centric applications where trust, safety and

value-add protection are keys to customer satisfaction and revenue opportunity.

Automotive Use Case Value-add Mobile Services

Page 14: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Business Challenges: Improve energy awareness and use in the home.

Improve ability of the grid to respond without more infrastructure and

powerlines

Smart Meters

Solar Panels

Appliances

Electric Car

Decision

Management

Business Process

Management

Data

Integration

Homeowner

Energy and Utilities Use Cases Smarter Home, Smart Grid

Power Grid

Monitor

Utilization

Data

Usage Data

Change

demand

Page 15: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Business Challenge: Allow at-risk patients to continue to live at home in

familiar surroundings, decreasing care costs while maintaining

situational responsiveness of caregivers

Heating System Sensors

IBM MessageSight provides secure and reliable connectivity between, sensors,

mobile apps with vehicles on a large scale. Security and reliability are critical in

healthcare applications where trust, safety and piece of mind are keys to

customer satisfaction and revenue.

Heart/Vital Signs Monitors

Basement Water Sensors

At-Risk Patient Community Homes Monitored by Sensors

Patient Management

Application

Emergency Services Relatives/Caregivers

HealthCare Use Case In-home Patient Monitoring

Page 16: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Business Challenge: Provide secure and reliable “Push” delivery of

confidential data in real time directly to the handset without having to

send that data through insecure and/or costly 3rd-party services

IBM MessageSight provides secure and reliable bi-directional interactivity for

mobile apps on a large scale. Backend applications no longer have to wait be

“polled” by clients and can proactively engage customers for smarter results

in real time.

Mobile Banking

Customer Handsets

Mobile Banking

Application Server

1) Banking Server

triggered to notify

customer with

confidential data

2) If handset is online and app is

running, data is delivered

immediately, reliably, and

securely

3) If app not online, send wake up

to WorkLight (containing no

confidential data)

3rd-party Native

Notification Service

(eg APNS)

5) Wake up app

6) App wakes and gets

data direct from

MessageSight

4) WorkLight sends

to native

notification WorkLight

Financial Services Use Case Mobile Banking

Page 17: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Business Challenge: Allow your customer to engage with your company

securely, and seamlessly through private Instant Messaging across

different platforms

IBM MessageSight provides secure and reliable bi-directional interactivity for

mobile apps and for HTML5 web applications on a large scale.

Mobile Customer

Using Branded App

Messaging

Application

Controller

Secure Customer Instant Messaging Cross Industry

Customer

On Web site

Page 18: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

The Appliance in detail…

Page 19: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

• Extends IBM Messaging family with secure, easy to deploy appliance-based messaging gateway

• Optimized for massive scale Internet of Things and Mobile use cases at edge of enterprise

• Exploits hardware acceleration for high performance

• Can extend existing messaging infrastructure or be used standalone

Designed for Things

Developer Friendly

Scale For the Internet

Of Things And Mobile

Easy to Integrate

Secure And

Easy to Deploy

IBM MessageSight V1.1

IBM MessageSight

Page 20: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Open Royalty Free Specifications being standardized by OASIS under Paho

• Sponsors: Cisco, Blackberry, Kaazing, Red Hat, VMware, IBM, etc.

Efficient two-way messaging protocol designed for constrained devices, low-bandwidth, unreliable networks

Three qualities of service:

0 – at most once delivery

1 – assured delivery but may be duplicated

2 – once and once only delivery

Built-in constructs to support loss of contact between client and server.

“Last will and testament” to publish a message if the client goes offline

“durable” subscriptions

Retain messages for fast access to last data

Designed for

Things

M2M and Mobile

IBM MessageSight Optimized for Wireless with MQTT

Page 21: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Action HTTP MQTT

Get single piece of data 302 bytes 69 bytes (<4 times)

Send single piece of data 320 bytes 47 bytes (<6 times)

Get 100 pieces of data 12600 bytes 2445 bytes (<5 times)

Send 100 pieces of data 14100 bytes 2126 bytes (<6 times)

Characteristics HTTP MQTT

Style Document-centric, request/response Data-centric, publish/subscribe

Verbs GET/POST/POST/DELETE, complex spec Pub/Sub/Unsub, simple protocol, easy to learn

Message size Large message, lots of data in headers 2 bytes in minimum header

Quality of Service None, requires custom coding in application 3 levels – best-effort, at-least-once, exactly once

Data distribution No distribution mechanism (1-to-1 only) Fully supported. 1-to-none, 1-to-1, 1-to-n.

MQTT: Optimized for Wireless Optimizing network with event-driven notification

Page 22: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

2U form factor rack-optimized appliance

• Hardened appliance; DMZ ready

– No user accessible Operating System

– Signed and encrypted firmware

– No user installed software

Multiple network interfaces:

• 8 x 1GbE ports

• 4 x 40GbE ports

Deploy in less than 30 minutes!

Authentication via LDAP servers

SSL and TLS support: SSL v3 and TLS 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2

FIPS 140-2 Level (1-certified cryptographic module)

Fine-grained messaging authorization policies which restrict access based on combinations of:

• User or group, Client identifier, Protocol, Network interface, Listening address and/or port, Client IP address or range, Destination (topic and queue) name

Secure And

Easy to Deploy

IBM MessageSight Secure and Easy to Deploy

Page 23: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Built-in dashboard with common metrics on the Web UI

Various built-in queries available through Web UI and

CLI

Ability to publish Monitoring/Metrics data to an

administrative topic

Topic subtree: “$SYS/ResourceStatistics”

This enables simplified and more flexible integration with

existing monitoring tools / applications as well as the ability

to build custom monitoring apps / dashboards

Secure And

Easy to Deploy

IBM MessageSight Simple to Manage

Page 24: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Developer-friendly APIs and libraries MQTT 3.1 clients and libraries for a variety of platforms (C and

Java- Based APIs) Clients for Google Android and Apple iOS JavaScript API for HTML5-based applications using Websockets PhoneGap MQTT plug-ins with JavaScript API for use with IBM

Worklight, Apache Cordova, and Adobe PhoneGap JMS 1.1 client libraries

JEE/JCA Support Extended to support Shared Subscriptions

“MessageSight for developers” Virtual machine

Makes it easy to develop applications

Developer

Friendly

IBM MessageSight Developer Friendly

Page 25: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

function connect(form) {

try {

client = new Messaging.Client(hostName, port, clientId);

} catch (exception) {

alert("Exception:"+exception);

}

client.onMessageArrived = onMessageArrived;

client.onConnectionLost = connectionLostCallback;

client.connect({onSuccess: onSuccessCallback});

} Connect to

the server

Create client

Set callbacks

function doSend(form) {

if (form.textMessage.value == "") {

message = new Messaging.Message("");

} else {

message = new Messaging.Message(form.textMessage.value);

}

message.destinationName = form.topicName.value;

client.send(message);

}

Send the

message

Create Message

object

Set Topic

function onMessageArrived(message) {

var form = document.getElementById("basic");

form.receivedMessage.value = message.payloadString;

}

Show the payload

in a field

Connect

Publish

function subscribe(form) {

client.subscribe(form.subscribeTopicName.value);

}

Subscribe to

A topic

Subscribe

Receive

25

IBM MessageSight JavaScript API example

Page 26: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Integration with application servers using Java Connector

Architecture (JCA)

• Integration with Message Driven Beans (MDBS)

• Shared Subscription for scalability

• Support for TLS/SSL security

• Local and XA transaction support

• HA-aware

Built-in Connectivity with WebSphere MQ

• One appliance can connect to multiple WebSphere MQ queue

managers

IBM Integration Bus support

• Through the JMS nodes/out of box patterns

IBM InfoSphere Streams

• MQTT Operator to consume data from MessageSight

Single Sign-on support with LTPA

Ability to get notified when subscribers are disconnected

• Allows to use alternate communications mechanism to reach

them

Easy to

Integrate

IBM MessageSight Easy to Integrate

Page 27: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM MessageSight Appliance Connectivity Summary

MessageSight [Primary]

MessageSight [Standby]

Mobile

Andriod

Mobile

iOS

Mobile

Tablet

MQTT

MQTT

MQTT over

websockets

MQTT over

websockets

MQTT

MQTT

MQTT

DMZ

Sensor

(Embedded C)

Sensor

Sensor

JEE Server

(WAS)

JEE Server

(WAS)

Resource

Adapter

JMS Java

Application

MQTT

MQ

C

Application

IBM MQ

System Admin

Browser

Internet Intranet

Page 28: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Exploits hardware acceleration for high performance

One appliance can handle

• 1M Concurrent Connections

– For instance, one appliance can handle all the cars circulating in Manhattan in a day

• 15M non-persistent msg/sec

– For fan-out streaming of data

• 400K persistent msg/sec

– When assured delivery matters

• Predictable latency in the microseconds under load

– Quick response time for end user

High availability pairs through RDMA interconnections

These numbers refer to specific scenarios. For more details, please read our detailed performance report

Scale For the Internet

Of Things And Mobile

IBM MessageSight IBM MessageSight: Scale for the Internet of Things and Mobile

Page 29: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Smarter Decisions

Powerful analytics

High speed processing of big data

IBM MessageSight

IBM InfoSphere

Streams

Smarter actions Real-time data

Internet Scale device connectivity

Use Case: Enabling Real-time analytics

Page 30: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Enabling Real-time analytics Demo Applying models to predict, detect, optimize and anticipate

Sensors tracking real-time location of cars

Primary Event zone

Secondary perimeter

Overview of car status

Real-time alerts personalized to each

car

Car that had entered and now left danger zone

Page 31: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

MessageSight 1.1 Updates

Page 32: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Problem: Back-end system cannot handle the load

IBM MessageSight

Internet Scale device connectivity

Traditional back-end systems

Page 33: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Shared subscriptions: workload-balancing

IBM MessageSight

Internet Scale device connectivity

Traditional back-end systems

Page 34: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Disconnected client notification

Provides a way to notify disconnected clients that messages have arrived

Often, mobile apps running in the background may not be able to maintain a persistent TCP connection

With durable subscriptions, when the app reconnects messages will be delivered

• This requires the user to bring the app back into the foreground

When a message arrives for a disconnected client, MessageSight can publish an event on a special topic

A service can consume these events and use a notification mechanism to notify the mobile app

Page 35: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Client certificate identity

Tighten the control of clients connecting to MessageSight

• Ensure they cannot impersonate each other

Use identity from a certificate for authentication and

authorization

• Gives a cryptographically strong way of controlling access to

messaging resources

Page 36: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Customer examples

Page 37: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

The Australian Open required a scoring solution to provide live

scores to millions of fans using different devices.

Live Grand Slam Tennis Scores

During this years event the team

updated their scoring solution to use MessageSight:

Pilot was so successful that it was ramped up to take 100% of websockets traffic rather than the planned 10% during the tournament

30,000 concurrent clients connected

to MessageSight

Scoreboard loaded 60% faster than flash based original solution

Gave sub-second response time compared with 3-5s previous

5 Power7 LPARs to 1 MessageSight Appliance footprint reduction ratio.

Page 38: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

3. Unlock command sent to car, door unlocks

1. Owner pushes start button on app

2. Sprint authenticates user

SPRINT VELOCITY℠

“Key-fob “ response time

&

Driver preferences in the cloud

Connected car

“Now, Sprint's newly announced

partnership with IBM will allow

connected vehicles to communicate

with other connected devices while

using far less bandwidth and

power.” says Bob Johnson, director

of connected vehicle development at

Sprint

“Based on IBM MessageSight, the

Sprint Velocity Service Bus is a new

communications architecture that lets

smartphones, tablets and other

devices communicate through the

cloud.” 1

Press Release: http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/41441.wss 1 M2M Evolution Magazine: http://bit.ly/1dCBA7M

video

Automotive

Page 39: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

European Bank finds new opportunities with MessageSight

• Using MQTT Push technology to drive personalised loans

and savings tailored for the consumer direct to their mobile

• Used MessageSight to scale to meet customer demand as

usage exceeds 50,000 users, now testing for 500,000

users

• Pushes exclusive offers at frequently used stores

–innovatively driven from banking transaction data

• Uses MQTT

–To ensure security, confidentiality and assured delivery

–For lightweight responsiveness

• Technical solution:

– Message originates in CICS

– Uses MQ for transport to MessageSight

– MessageSight then securely pushes notification to

client device using MQTT

Page 40: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Automotive: Trucks with group chat

Uses MessageSight to enable Instant

Messaging between cabs

Topics enable group chat

Saves cost, enables community

• Built into the vehicle

• Also available from mobile devices

• More advanced telematics use cases

to follow

Page 41: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Demo

41

Page 42: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Dynamic Demos

m2m.demos.ibm.com

Page 43: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Dynamic Demos

Demo: “Whiteboard” http://m2m.demos.ibm.com/whiteboard “Latency demo”, optimized for mobile browsers

A shared drawing canvas: all drawing actions are published on a MQTT topic, all whiteboard clients are subscribed to this topic.

Page 44: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Dynamic Demos

Demo: “Chatter Box”

http://chatterbox.ng.bluemix.net/ Sample of chat application

Page 45: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Connecting the Enterprise to the Internet of Things and Mobile

• A low-latency, reliable and scalable messaging server – designed specifically for M2M and Mobile scenarios

• The DMZ-ready appliance form factor provides strong security and easy deployment

• Enables the next generation of applications with event-driven, near-real-time communications

IBM MessageSight Summary

Page 46: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM MessageSight: What’s In It for IoT Developers

Orders of Magnitude

Improvements

Extreme Efficiency

Optimized for Wireless

Networks

Secure And

Open

• Secure communications with many options including client side

certificates

• MQTT protocol is open and being standardized.

• Clients available on 40+ platforms

• Lightweight: small headers means reduced data costs

• Very power efficient: Ideal for battery powered sensors

• Designed to handle unreliable networks

* Source: Power Profiling: HTTPS Long Polling vs. MQTT with SSL, on Android - http://stephendnicholas.com/archives/1217

• Reduces server built out by connecting huge amount of sensors in a

single chassis : >1.000.000 per chassis

• Ideal to feed data to real-time analytics

Page 47: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM MessageSight: What’s In It for Mobile Developers

Orders of Magnitude

Improvements

Extreme Efficiency

Optimized for Wireless

Networks

Bi-directional,

Secure, Cross

Platform

• Bi-directional Interactivity for Mobile: Engage customers directly

without leaving your app

• Enables Mobile Instant Messaging

• Dramatically reduce reliance on costly SMS

• Deliver confidential notifications directly to the handset

• Use same technology on HTML5-based Web Sites

• More bandwidth efficient *: reduce network consumption and

cost needed to serve your customers; engage them more

rapidly

• More power efficient: Deliver value-add data services without

excess drain on handset batteries

* Source: Power Profiling: HTTPS Long Polling vs. MQTT with SSL, on Android - http://stephendnicholas.com/archives/1217

• Reduces server built out by optimizing mobile messaging in a single

chassis

• Dependable low latency: Response time consistent regardless of load

• Supports up to 1.000.000 per chassis: More reach with less server build

out

Page 48: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM MessageSight: Next Steps

Development community on developerWorks

• https://www.ibmdw.net/messaging/messagesight/

MessageSight for Developers virtual machine

• Downloadable for free

• For rapid prototyping or explore functionality

Videos:

• http://www.youtube.com/user/IBMmessagingMedia

Try it

Today!

Page 49: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM MessageSight: Next Steps

IBM MessageSight Gaming zone

The Connected Car

Play with it

Today!

Page 50: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM MessageSight: More Sessions!!!

Tuesday

10:30-11:30 AM

AMC-3134 Meet the Experts: IBM

MessageSight

San Polo 3501 B

Tuesday

1:00-2:00 PM

IOT-1295 Smart City: Growing Internet

of Things Solutons for

Utilities, Transport and

Communications

Marcello 4501B

Tuesday

2:15-3:15 PM

IOT-1900 Connecting IBM

MessageSight to the

Enterprise

Palazzo F

Wednesday

10:30-11:30 AM

MMA-1921

Hands-on Lab

Building an Event-driven

Mobile Application with IBM

Worklight & IBM

MessageSight

Murano 3301 B

Wednesday

1:00-3:15 PM

IOT-1920

Hands-on Lab

IBM MessageSight &

Internet of Things Cloud

Murano 3305

Thursday

2:15-3:15 PM

IOT-1912 Amaze Customers with

Dynamic, Event-driven

Mobile Applications using

WebSockets and Other

Protocols

Marcello 4405

Page 51: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

IBM Confidential 5/29/2014

Beta Program now open to sign up

Come and participate in our MessageSight Beta program as we look

at new developments in the exciting area of Internet of Things and

high performance Mobile messaging

• Get early drops of beta drivers

• Feedback your input direct to the development team

• Nomination link: http://ibm.co/1hp3XY3

• Beta Coordinator: John Samuel [email protected]

• Product Manager: Bernard Kufluk [email protected]

IBM MessageSight

Page 52: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Questions?

Page 53: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

References

Demo site: http://m2m.demos.ibm.com/

M2M Community

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/c565c720-

fe84-4f63-873f-607d87787327/entry/mobile_messaging?lang=en

Download free virtual image for Development:

https://www.ibmdw.net/messaging/messagesight/

MQTT.org: http://mqtt.org/

Eclipse Paho project: http://www.eclipse.org/paho/

IBM Messaging community:

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/connect/IBMmessaging

IBM Messaging media:

http://www.youtube.com/user/IBMmessagingMedia?feature=watch

IBM MessageSight: http://www.ibm.com/messagesight

IBM and Sprint Velocity Drive Connected Car Into The Future:

http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/41441.wss

Page 54: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

We Value Your Feedback

Don’t forget to submit your Impact session and speaker

feedback! Your feedback is very important to us – we use it to

continually improve the conference.

Use the Conference Mobile App or the online Agenda Builder to

quickly submit your survey

• Navigate to “Surveys” to see a view of surveys for sessions

you’ve attended

54

Page 55: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

Thank You

Page 56: Introduction to IBM MessageSight

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Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both. Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of

others.

• If the text/graphics include screenshots, no actual IBM employee names may be used (even your own), if your screenshots include fictitious company names (e.g., Renovations, Zeta

Bank, Acme) please update and insert the following; otherwise delete: All references to [insert fictitious company name] refer to a fictitious company and are used for illustration

purposes only.


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