3/17/2014

Important Remote Sensing Satellites

and Sensors Brief Description and Resolutions in

context of Envi V 4.7

Submitted By: Atiqa Ijaz Khan Roll No: Geom-02

Submitted To: Dr. Arifa Lodhi

Subject: Environmental Modelling and Spatial

Simulations

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Institute Of Geology, University of the Punjab Session: 2013-2015

Table of Contents

1. ADS40

2. ALOS

3. ATSR

4. AVHRR

5. CARTOSAT-1

6. DMSP (NOAA)

7. ENVISAT

8. EOS

9. EROS

10. FORMOSAT-2

11. GeoEYE-1

12. IKONOS

13. IRS

14. KOMPSAT-2

15. Landsat

16. OrbView-3

17. Quick Bird

18. RapidEye-1

19. Sea WiFS

20. SPOT

21. World View

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Brief Intro to ADS40

Air-borne Digital Sensors are high-tech push-broom sensors with in-track stereo imaging

satellites. Due to its radio-metrically stable construction the ADS40 sensor is capable of

making images for cartography as well as remote sensing applications. While satellite

push-broom sensors provides resolutions ranges from 60-30 cm for mapping purposes, the

ADS40 has resolution range from 05-01 cm.

ADS40 is designed to incorporate the benefits of both aerial camera and satellite push-

broom sensors.

One of the reason is that, their data is on time, location, image type and resolution. And

never on fixed orbit like space-borne satellite systems.

The other benefit is that they are free-of clouds.

Data can be collected in near temporal windows, which is not possible with satellites.

Brief Intro to ALOS

The Japanese Earth observation satellite ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) has been

successfully launched on January 24, 2006. On October 24, nine months after orbital testing,

the satellite started to operate at full throttle. The Advanced Land Observing Satellite

"DAICHI" (ALOS) has been developed to contribute to the fields of mapping, precise regional

land coverage observation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveying. It enhances land

observation technologies acquired through the development and operation of its

predecessors, the Japanese Earth Resource Satellite-1 (JERS-1, or Fuyo) and the Advanced

Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS, or Midori).

Serial

No. Sensors

Spectral

Range

(nm)

Spatial

Resolution

(m)

Radiometric

Resolution

Temporal

Window

01. PAN (PRISM) 480-710 2.5 08 bits 46 days

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02. Multi-spectral

(ANVIR-2) 420-890 10 08 bits -

03.

Optical and

Radar Data

(PULSAR)

7-100 08 08 bits -

04. Series List ALOS- 1, 2,

3 - -

05. Operational ALOS-2 - -

06. Future Mission ALOS-3 In 2016 - -

ᴥ PRISM ((Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping), ANVIR (Advanced Visible and Near Infrared

Radiometer type-), PULSAR (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar)

The ATSR (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) instruments produce infrared images of the

Earth at a spatial resolution of one kilometer. The data from these instruments is useful for

scientific studies of the land surface, atmosphere, clouds, oceans, and the cryo-sphere.

The first ATSR instrument, ATSR-1, was launched on board the European Space Agency's

(ESA), European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) in July 1991, as part of their Earth

Observation Program.

The ATSRs are designed to meet the AATSR Scientific Requirements. TSR consists of two

instruments:

An Infra-Red Radiometer (IRR) and

A Microwave Sounder (MWS).

Serial No. Channels Ranges (µm)

01. Visible 0.55 , 0.67

02. Near Infrared 0.87

03. Thermal IR 3.7, 11, 12

04. Reflected IR 1.6

Brief Intro to ATSR

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05. Spatial Resolution (km) 1km (IR) & 20 (Microwave)

06. Status Non-operational

The AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) is a radiation-detection imager

that can be used for remotely determining cloud cover and the surface temperature. This

scanning radiometer uses 6 detectors that collect different bands of radiation wavelengths.

The first AVHRR was a 4-channel radiometer, first carried on TIROS-N (launched October

1978). This was subsequently improved to a 5-channel instrument (AVHRR/2) that was

initially carried on NOAA-7 (launched June 1981). The latest instrument version is AVHRR/3,

with 6 channels, first carried on NOAA-15 launched in May 1998.

AVHRR data are acquired in three formats:

High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT)

Local Area Coverage (LAC)

Global Area Coverage (GAC)

HRPT: Data are full resolution image data transmitted to a ground station as they are collected.

The average instantaneous field-of-view of 1.4 milli-radians yields a HRPT ground resolution

of approximately 1.1 km at the satellite nadir from the nominal orbit altitude of 833 km (517

mi).

LAC: Are full resolution data that are recorded on an on board tape for subsequent transmission

during a station overpass. The average instantaneous field-of-view of 1.4 milliradians yields a

LAC ground resolution of approximately 1.1 km at the satellite nadir from the nominal orbit

altitude of 833 km (517 mi).

GAC: Data are derived from a sample averaging of the full resolution AVHRR data. Four out

of every five samples along the scan line are used to compute one average value and the data

from only every third scan line are processed, yielding 1.1 km by 4 km resolution at the sub-

point.

Brief Intro to AVHRR

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Channel Number Resolution at Nadir (km) Spectral Range (µm)

1 1.09 0.58-0.68

2 1.09 0.725-1.00

3A 1.09 1.58-1.64

3B 1.09 3.55-3.93

4 1.09 10.30-11.30

5 1.09 11.50-12.50

CARTOSAT-1 is a state-of-the-art remote sensing satellite built by ISRO (Indian Space

Research Organization) which is mainly intended for cartographic applications in India. The

1560 kg satellite was launched by the PSLV on May 5, 2005 from the newly built second

launch pad at Sriharikota, and is the eleventh satellite to be built in the Indian Remote Sensing

(IRS) satellite series. Weighing 1560 kg at lift-off, CARTOSAT-1 is launched into a 618 km

high polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) by PSLV-C6.

Serial No. Characteristics

01. Spatial Resolution (m) 2.5

02. Temporal Window (days) 116

03. Spectral Ranges (µm) Visible & PAN

04. Series List CARTOSAT 1,2, 2A, 2B, 3

05. Operational Satellite CARTOSAT 1, 2

06. Next to Launch CARTOSAT-3 ( in 2014)

Brief Intro to CARTOSAT-1

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Since the mid-1960's, when the Department of Defense (DOD) initiated the Defense

Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), low, earth-orbiting satellites have provided the

military with important environmental information. The DMSP satellites "see" such

environmental features as clouds, bodies of water, snow, fire, and pollution in the visual and

infrared spectral.

The National Polar-orbiting Observing Satellite System (NPOESS) was a joint program of the

Department of Defense, Department of Commerce and NASA to replace less sophisticated

weather satellites that are expected to fail over the next several years. It would help develop 3-

7 day weather forecasts for civilian and military purposes, including weather like hurricanes,

tornadoes, etc. Unfortunately, the program ended up billions over budget, and 6 or more years

late.

Brief Intro to Envi-Sat

Envi-sat was ESA's successor to ERS. Envi-sat was launched in 2002 with 10 instruments

aboard and at eight tons is the largest civilian Earth observation mission.

More advanced imaging radar, radar altimeter and temperature-measuring radiometer

instruments extend ERS data sets. This was supplemented by new instruments including a

medium-resolution spectrometer sensitive to both land features and ocean color. Envi-sat also

carried two atmospheric sensors monitoring trace gases.

The Envi-sat mission ended on 08 April 2012, following the unexpected loss of contact with

the satellite.

Serial

No. Sensors Resolution(m) Bands

01. ASAR(Advance Synthetic

Aperture Radar) 400000 C-band

02. MERIS(Medium Resolution

Imaging Spectrometer) 300

Spectral

Bands (15)

Brief Intro to DMSP (NOAA)

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03. Revisit Time (days) 03 -

04. Total Sensors 10 -

05. Important Sensors AASTR, ASAR, MERIS,

RA-2, SCIAMACHY -

06. Status Non-operational -

Earth Observation satellites vary according to the type of orbit they have, the payload they

carry, and, from the point of view of imaging instruments, the spatial resolution, spectral

characteristics and swath width of the sensors. All these parameters are designed at the

beginning of the mission definition depending on the application the satellite mission is

targeting.

Terra is a multi-national, multi-disciplinary mission involving partnerships with the aerospace

agencies of Canada and Japan. Managed by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the mission

also receives key contributions from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Langley Research

Center. Terra is an important part of NASA’s Science Mission, helping us better understand

and protect our home planet.

Characteristics ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal

Emission and Reflection Radiometer)

Serial No. Spectral Range Spatial

Resolution No. of Bands

01. Visible + IR 0.5-0.9 µm 15 m 03

02. SWIR 1.6-2.43 µm 30 m 06

03. TIR 08-12 µm 90 m 05

- - - - Total = 14

04. Temporal

Window 16 days

05. No. of Products 8

Brief Intro to EOS (TERRA)

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Serial No. MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer)

Spectral Range (µm) &

No. of Bands

No. of Bands &

Spatial Resolution

01. 0.4-3.0 µm 21 02 250 m

02. 3.0-14.5 µm 15 05 500 m

03. 21 1 km

04. Total No. of Bands 36 - -

05. Temporal Window 1-2 days

Brief Intro to EROS

EROS A (Earth Resources Observation Systems) is the first in a constellation of sun-

synchronous, polar-orbiting satellites that Image Sat plans to deploy during this decade. EROS

A owned by Image-Sat International, which belongs to Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) and

Electro-Optics Industries of Israel.

EROS (Earth Remote Observation System) A1 was launched in December 2000 as the first

constellation of eight high-resolution imaging satellites to be launched between year 2001 and

2005. EROS satellites are high performance, low cost, light, and agile and have been designed

for low earth orbit (LEO). The satellites are owned and operated by Image-Sat International.

This Cyprus-based company was established in 1997 by a consortium of leading satellite,

sensor and information management companies and information producers around the world.

Serial

No.

Mode Spectral

Bands (µm)

Spatial

Resolution (m)

Radiometric

Resolution (bits)

Temporal

Window

01. EROS-A

(PAN)

0.50-0.90 1.8 11 1.8

02. EROS-B

(PAN)

0.50-0.90 01 08 1.8

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The first remote sensing satellite developed by National Space Organization (NSPO),

FORMOSAT-2, successfully launched on May 21, 2004 with a high resolution. The main

mission of FORMOSAT-2 is to conduct remote sensing imaging over Taiwan and on terrestrial

and oceanic regions of the entire earth. The images captured by FORMOSAT-2 during daytime

can be used for land distribution, natural resources research, forestry, environmental

protection, disaster prevention, rescue work, and other applications.

The FORMOSAT-2's Image Processing System (IPS) is independently developed by NSPO. It

is designed to process images by tasking the satellite according to the user's needs.

Serial No. Characteristics

01. Channels

Spatial and Spectral Resolution Temporal

Resolution

Pan 0.45- 0.90 (µm) 08 m 1 day

Visible + IR 0.45-0.69(µm),

0.76-0.90(µm) 02 m

-

02. Radiometric Res. 08 bits -

GeoEye-1, the world’s highest-resolution commercial color imaging satellite, was launched on

September 6, 2008 from Vandenburg Air Force Base in California. The satellite offers

extraordinary detail, high accuracy and enhanced stereo for DEM generation. GeoEye-1 will

simultaneously collect panchromatic imagery at 0.41m and Multispectral imagery at 1.65m.

Due to U.S. Government Licensing, the imagery will be made available commercially as 0.5m

imagery. GeoEye-1 has the capacity to collect up to 700,000 square kilometers of panchromatic

imagery (and up to 350,000 square kilometers of Pan-Sharpened Multispectral imagery) per

day.

Brief Intro to FORMOSAT-2

Brief Intro to GeoEye-1

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Serial No Channels Spectral Range

(nm)

Spatial

Resolution

Temporal

Window

01. PAN (450-900) 0.41 1 day

02. Multi-spectral

+ IR

(450-695) +

(760-900) 1.65 -

03. Radiometric

Resolution (bits) 11 -

Brief Intro to IKONOS

IKONOS-1 was launch in April 1999, and IKONOS-2 was launch in September 1999.Its

applications include both urban and rural mapping of natural resources and of natural disasters,

tax mapping, agriculture and forestry analysis, mining, engineering, construction, and change

detection. It can yield relevant data for nearly all aspects of environmental study. IKONOS

images have also been gained by SIC (satellite imaging cooperation) for use in the media and

motion picture industries, providing aerial views and satellite photos for many areas around the

world. Its high resolution data makes an integral contribution to homeland security, coastal

monitoring and facilitates 3D Terrain analysis

Serial No. Characteristics

01. Spatial And Spectral Resolution

Visible 3.2 m

IR 3.2 m

Pan 0.82 m

02. Radiometric Resolution 11 bits

03. Temporal Window 3 days

Brief Intro to IRS

Following the successful demonstration flights of Bhaskara 1 and Bhaskara 2 launched in 1979

and 1981, respectively, India began development of an indigenous IRS (Indian Remote Sensing

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Institute Of Geology, University of the Punjab Session: 2013-2015

Satellite) program to support the national economy in the areas of "agriculture water resources,

forestry and ecology, geology, water sheds, marine fisheries and coastal management". The

first two IRS spacecraft, IRS-1A (March' 1988) and IRS-1B (August, 1991) were launched by

Russian Vostok boosters from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. IRS-1A failed in 1992, while IRS-

1B continued to operate through 1999. From their 22-day repeating orbits of 905 km mean

altitude and 99 degrees inclination, the two identical IRS spacecraft hosted a trio of Linear

Imaging Self-Scanning (LISS) remote sensing COD instruments working in four spectral

bands: 0.45-0.52 µm 0.52-0.59 µm, 0.62-0.68 µm, and 0.77-0.86 µm. The 38.5-kg LISS-I

images a swath of 148 km with a resolution of 72.5 m while the 80.5-kg LISS-IIA and LISS-

IIB exhibit a narrower field-of-view (74-km swath) but are aligned to provide a composite 145-

km swath with a 3-km overlap and a resolution of 36.25 m.

Serial No. Platform Life Time Sensors

01. IRS – 1A, 1B 1A: 1988-1995

1B: 1991- 1994 LISS- 1, 2

02. IRS- 1C, 1D 1995-2000 LISS-3, WiFS, PAN

03. Resourcesat-1 2003-2008 LISS-4,5, AWiFS

Serial

No.

Spatial Resolution

(m)

Channles Spectral Ranges (µm)

LISS-1 72 Visible + IR 0.45-0.68, 0.77-0.86

LISS-2 36

LISS-3 23 Visible 0.52-0.86

50 MIR 1.55-1.70

LISS-4 5.8 Visible + NIR 0.52-0.68 , 0.77-0.86

WiFS 188 Red + NIR 0.62-0.68, 0.77-0.86

AWiFS 56-70 Green, Red, NIR,

MIR

0.52-0.68, 0.77-0.86, 1.55-

1.70

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Brief Intro to KOMPSAT-2

The Kompsat program was initiated in 1995 as a major space investment in Korea. Its objective

was the development of a national space segment in Earth observation along with an efficient

infrastructure and ground segment to provide valuable services to remote sensing users in

various fields of applications

The very high resolution satellite KOMPSAT-2 was launched on the 28th of July 2006 and

belongs to the Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). This satellite offers imagery in

black and white (panchromatic band) at a spatial resolution of 1 m and in color (multispectral

bands) across 4 bands in the visible (red, green, blue and near-infrared) at a resolution of 4 m.

Besides having a tolerated cloud cover which never exceeds 10%, KOMPSAT-2 images are

affordable.

Serial

No.

Resolution

(m)

Spectral Range

(µm)

01. PAN 01 0.50-0.90 -

02. Multi-spectral 04 0.45-0.90 Visible +

NIR

03. Radiometric

Resolution 10 bits - -

04. Temporal Window 14 days - -

Brief Intro to Landsat

The Landsat program offers the longest continuous global record of the Earth's surface; it

continues to deliver visually stunning and scientifically valuable images of our planet.

The Landsat Program is a series of Earth-observing satellite missions jointly managed by

NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey. Since 1972, Landsat satellites have collected

information about Earth from space. The mission of the Landsat Program is to provide

repetitive acquisition of high resolution multispectral data of the Earth's surface on a global

basis. Landsat represents the only source of global, calibrated, high spatial resolution

measurements of the Earth's surface that can be compared to previous data records. The data

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Institute Of Geology, University of the Punjab Session: 2013-2015

from the Landsat spacecraft constitute the longest record of the Earth's continental surfaces as

seen from space. It is a record unmatched in quality, detail, coverage, and value.

Serial

No. Name Description

01. Launching Years 1999 & 2013

02. Series List Landsat 1 – 8

03. Altitude (km) 705

04. Sensor Name ETM + (7) , OLI & TRI (8)

05. Spatial (m) and Spectral (bands) Resolutions

30 Visible

60 & 100 Thermal

15 Panchromatic

06. Spectral Range (µm) 0.45 – 12 (ETM+),0.43-1.39(OLI), 10.6-

12.5(TRI)

07. Number of bands 08 (ETM +), 09(OLI), 02 (TRI)

08. Temporal Resolution (days) 16

09. Operational Satellites ( in

2014)

Landsat 5 (non-working MSS), 7 (non-working

SLC), 8

ᴥ OLI (Operational Land Imager), TRI (Thermal Infrared)

Brief Intro to Orb-View-3

Orb-View® is the name of an imaging satellite series of Orbital Image Corporation

(ORBIMAGE) of Dulles, VA, an affiliate of Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC). The

objective of this commercial satellite series is to acquire affordable high-quality imagery of the

Earth for a variety of customers that include local governments, telecommunication companies,

architects, civil engineers, real estate managers, farmers and environmental monitoring

agencies.

Launched in 2003 by ORBIMAGE, OrbView-3 acquired an 8-kilometer-wide swath. It was

bought by Geo-Eye in 2005, who took over the operation and distribution of the satellite and

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its data. On April 23, 2007 Geo-Eye announced that its OrbView-3 satellite is permanently out

of service. Archive products are now retained at the USGS.

Serial

No. Resolution (m)

Spectral Range

(µm)

01. PAN 01 0.50-0.90 -

02. Multi-spectral 04 0.45-0.90 Visible +

NIR

03. Radiometric

Resolution 11 bits - -

04. Series List OrbView-

1,2,3,4 - -

05. Sensor Name OHRIS - -

ᴥ OHRIS (Orb-View High Resolution Imaging System)

Brief Intro to Quick-Bird

Because of our relationship with Digital Globe, developer and owner of the Quick Bird Sensor,

Satellite Imaging Corporation (SIC) acquires Quick Bird Satellite Imagery worldwide for our

customers seeking high-resolution, digital aerial photographs.

Quick Bird is a high resolution satellite owned and operated by Digital Globe. Using a state-

of-the-art BGIS 2000 sensor, Quick Bird collects image data to 0.61m pixel resolution degree

of detail. This satellite is an excellent source of environmental data useful for analyses

of changes in land usage, agricultural and forest climates. Quick Bird's imaging capabilities

can be applied to a host of industries, including Oil and Gas Exploration & Production

(E&P), Engineering and Construction and environmental studies

Serial No. Characteristics

01. Spatial And Spectral

Resolution

Visible 2.44 m

IR 2.44 m

Pan 0.61 m

02. Radiometric Resolution 11 bits

03. Temporal Window 1-3 days

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04. Status Operational

Brief Intro to RapidEye-1

Rapid-Eye was successfully launched from the DNEPR-1 Rocket on August 29th, 2008 at

Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Rapid-Eye built by MacDonald Dettwiler, Ltd. (MDA)

will offer image users a data source containing an unrivaled combination of large-area

coverage, frequent revisit intervals, high resolution and multispectral capabilities.

Rapid-Eye's imaging capabilities can be applied to a host of industries, including Agriculture,

Forestry, Insurance, Exploration, Power and Communication, Governments, Cartography,

Visualization, and Simulation.

The Rapid-Eye constellation of five satellites stands apart from other providers of satellite-

based geospatial information in their unique ability to acquire high-resolution, large-area image

data on a daily basis. The Rapid-Eye system collects an unprecedented 4 million square

kilometers of data per day at 6.5 meter nominal ground resolution. Each satellite measures less

than one cubic meter and weighs 150 kg (bus + payload), and has been designed for at least a

seven-year mission life. All five satellites are equipped with identical sensors and are located

in the same orbital plane. Rapid-Eye's satellites include the Red-Edge band, which is sensitive

to changes in chlorophyll content.

Serial No. Characteristics

01. Spatial Resolution 05-6.5 m

02. Radiometric Resolution 12 bits

03. Temporal Window 1-5.5 days

04. Senor Type Multi-spectral push-broom

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Brief Intro to Sea WiFS

The purpose of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (Sea-WiFS) Project is to provide

quantitative data on global ocean bio-optical properties to the Earth science community.

Subtle changes in ocean color signify various types and quantities of marine phytoplankton

(microscopic marine plants), the knowledge of which has both scientific and practical

applications. The Sea-WiFS Project will develop and operate a research data system that will

process, calibrate, validate, archive and distribute data received from an Earth-orbiting ocean

color sensor.

Serial No. Characteristics

01. Spatial Resolution (km) 01 (LAC), 04 (GAC)

02. Radiometric Res. (bits) 10 bits

03. Temporal Window 1 day

04. No. of bands 08

05. Spectral Range (nm) 402-885

06. Senor Type Cross-track Rotating

Scanner

ᴥ LAC (Local Area Coverage), GAC (Global Area Coverage)

Brief Intro to SPOT

The SPOT program is a series of Earth observing satellites launched by the French Centre

National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), in cooperation with Belgium and Sweden. Since 1986,

five SPOT satellites have been launched and three are still currently operational. It is

particularly valuable for studying agriculture, deforestation, and other vegetation changes on a

broad scale. A new High Resolution Geometry or HRG imaging instrument is developed by

CNES to be carried on-board SPOT 5. The HRG instrument promises a higher ground

resolution than that of the HRV/HRVIR on SPOT 1 - 4 satellites: 5 m, and 2.5 m by

interpolation in panchromatic mode, and 10 m in all 3 spectral bands in the visible to near

infrared ranges.

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Brief Intro to World View

The WorldView-1 satellite, which launched on Sept. 18, 2007; and the WorldView-2 satellite,

which launched on Oct. 8, 2009. The company is currently building the WorldView-3 satellite,

set to launch in 2014.

The high-spatial-resolution, multispectral satellite imagery from the World-View satellites is

used for civil government mapping, land-use planning, disaster relief, exploration, defense and

intelligence, visualization and simulation environments, and navigation technology such as

Google Maps.

It is 8-band imagery in visible portion of EMR, 8 Multispectral: (red, red edge, coastal, blue,

green, yellow, near-IR1 and near-IR2) 400 nm - 1040 nm

8 SWIR: 1195 nm - 2365 nm.

Serial

No.

Satellite

No. Channels

Resolution

(m)

Spectral

Range

(µm)

Radiometric

Range (bits)

Temporal

Window

01. Spot – 5

PAN

Visible

MIP

2.5 or 5

10

20

0.48-0.71

0.50-0.89

1.58-1.75

08 26 days

02. Spot – 4

Mono-

spectral

Visible

MIP

10

20

20

0.61-0.68

0.50-0.89

1.58-1.75

08 -

03. Series

List

Spot-

1,2,3,4,5 - - - -

Serial

No.

Satellite

No. Channels

Resolution

(m)

Spectral

Range

(µm)

Radiometric

Range (bits)

Temporal

Window

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01. WorldView-

1 PAN 0.5 0.4-0.90 11

1.7-4.5

days

02. WorldView-

2

PAN

Visible

0.5

1.84

0.45-0.80

0. 11

1.1-3.7

days

03. Series List WorldView-

1,2,3 - - - -

04. Operational WorldView-

1,2 - - - -

05. Future

Mission

WorldView-

3 In 2014 - - -