Introduction to MineralogyDr. Tark Hamilton

Lecture 3 Chapter 1

Camosun College GEOS 250

Lectures: 9:30-10:20 M T Th F300

Lab: 9:30-12:20 W F300

Minerals in the News: New Green Cement

• http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/09/02/MNGD12936I.DTL

• Green cement may set CO2 fate in concrete, Carrie Sturrock, S.F. Chronicle

• Stanford Professor Brent Constantz (59) prior medical patents for bone cement

• Waste CO2 + Seawater + Mg = Cement• Calcining Limestone produces CO2

Why should I care?

• Worldwide, 2.5 billion tons of cement are manufactured each year, creating about 5% of the Earth's CO2 emissions.

• Makes enough concrete to pave an 8-lane highway from Earth to Moon & back X 2

• Reducing the amount of CO2 power plants emit by sequestering it inside the cement.

• Damn! Why didn’t I think of this?

Portland Cement: Simplified Crystal Structure of Alite

• Oxide % Mass • SiO2 25.2• Al2O3 1.0• Fe2O3 0.7• CaO 71.6• MgO 1.1• Na2O 0.1• K2O 0.1• P2O5 0.2

• Ca2.9Mg0.06Na0.01Fe0.03Al0.04Si0.95P0.01O5

Tricalcium silicate: Alite

• 2Ca3SiO5 + 6H2O → 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2

• Triclinic pseudo Trigonal/rhombohedral• Multiple polymorphs w/ (SiO4)-4

chains• “A” & “B” forms alternate around triad axis• Phase inversions with cooling• RM3 M2 M1 T3 T2 T1

• 1070°1060°990°920°620°• Needles & twins give early strength• Belite, dicalcium silicate + lime for late strength

Klein & Dutrow 2008, fig_01_09

Mineral Science: What Mineralogists Do

• Crystallography: Forms, symmetry, XRD

• Crystal Chemistry: Inorganic, substitution, kinetics of formation

• Classification: Composition & Structure, ~50 new minerals a year, ~4000 total

• Paragenesis: Geological occurrence, assemblage, setting, conditions

• Descriptive: Locality, form, habit, colour

Names of Minerals

Some Canadian Examples

Example Mineral Name Origins

• Bytownite (Ab30-10An70-90) Bytown = Ottawa

• Calcite (CaCO3) calx, L. Lime

• Carletonite (KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(OH,F) H2O) Carleton U., Mont St. Hilaire

• Cassiterite (SnO2) kassiteros, Gr. Tin

• Labradorite (Ab50-30An50-70) Labrador

• Monteregianite KCa2AlSi7O17(OH)2·6(H2O) Monteregian Hills PQ, (Hydrodelhayelite)

• Sperrylite (PtAs2) F. Sperry (discoverer), ON

History of Mineralogy

&

Crystal Chemistry

History of Technical Mineral Use

• >40,000 BCE Fe2O3 red & MnO(OH) black cave art & Cu beads

• > 3000 BCE Turquoise, Jade hoarded, collection & trade

• 2900 BCE Egypt & Bronze Age Greece: Gold smelting & refining

• 1500 BCE “Refining minerals” Plaster burners, Charcoal reduction of metal

• 1500 BCE Semitic Chetites, Fe tools• 1000 BCE India Fe tools, Egypt Hg• 1300 AD Additional smelting refining

Klein & Dutrow, 2008 fig_01_08

Ancient Mineral Writings & Ideas

• Heiroglyphics ~2900 BCE (Bronze Age), Au, Ag, Cu-Sn, Ceramics, Enamelwork

• Leucippo 500 BCE Theory of “Atoms”

• Empedocles 430 BCE Earth, Air, Fire, H2O

• Theophrastus 287 BCE “Concerning Stones”

• Pliny 79 CE Natural History

Cornelius Agricola (1556) De Re Metallica

Mining &

Ore Smelting

Raises, tunnels, ore cars,

Winzes, headframes

(note clearcut – wood fuel)

The Road to Modern Mineralogy

• 1669 Nicolaus Steno: Constant interfacial angles of quartz from different places

• 1783 Rome d’L’Isle & Carangeot: Goniometer contact & Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles

• 1784 Rene de Hauy: Crystals built up from “integral molecules” (unit cells)

• 1801 Rene de Hauy: Rational Indices for Crystal Faces

• 1809 Wollaston: Reflection goniometer

R.J. Hauy’s 1784 Unit Cell Concept for building Dodecahedral Garnet

The Road to Modern Mineralogy• 1874 Miller 2 circle goniometer, dihedral angles

• 1889 Federov poles to crystal faces plotted in stereographic projection (Wulff net) shows symmetry between faces

• 1914 Von Laue X-ray diffraction of ZnS NP• 1921 G. Tschermak & F. Becke Polarizing

Microscope• 1960’s SEM, STEM electron imagery

Mineralogy, Alchemy & the Roots of Modern Chemistry

• 1660 Robert Boyle: Sceptical Chemist “Elements” used in modern sense

• ~1750 Joseph Proust: Elements combine in Definite Proportions Compounds

• ~1800 John Dalton, Wm Higgins Law of definite proportions (weight ratios)

• 1813 Jons J. Berzelius: Symbols & Atomic weights for 15 elements/Oxygen

• 1837 J. D. Dana: A System of Mineralogy• 1870 Dimitri Mendeleyev: Periodic Chart• 1871 J. L Meyer: Atomic volumes vs weights.

Lifetime Per Capita Mineral Usage (Kg)

• 1.64 X 106 : all minerals • 361 Pb: batteries, solder• 261 Zn: brass, cathodics, chemicals• 682 Cu: wiring, alloys• 1633 Al: aircraft, cans, foil, lawn chairs• 14864 Fe: spoons nails cars ships bldg• 12824 NaCl: deicing, detergent, food• 562773 : Stone, gravel, sand