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Introduction to Network Server Operating Systems
Networking Basics
Basic Server Concepts
Server Roles—Past and Present
Sharing and Protecting Resources
Chapter
9
2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Explain the basic concepts of networking Describe basic server concepts Describe the common roles of network
servers Share and protect network resources
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Networking Basics
Why Network PCs? Resource Sharing
Resources include files, folders, modems, printers, CD and DVD players/recorders, and backup devices
Resources may also include services, such as e-mail and fax
Communicating E-mail List servers, newsgroups Chat rooms
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Networking Basics
Why Network PCs? (continued) Network Resource Management
Data Backup Single-Server Security Multi-Server Security
5
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Networking Basics
Networks Small to Large LANs
Geographically the smallest Room, floor of a building, entire building, business
or academic campus Common network technology Usually the fastest speeds LAN speeds in millions or billions of bits per second
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Networking Basics
Networks Small to Large (continued) MANs
Cover an entire metropolitan area Usually high-speed fiber-optic cable Operating in the billions of bits per second A MAN may be somewhere between you and the Internet Community of LANs to connected to each
other and to the Internet
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Networking Basics
Networks Small to Large (continued) WANs
Cover the largest geographic area Two or more networks connected over long distances Connected networks make up an internetwork The most famous is the Internet WAN speeds range from thousands of bits per second
up into the millions of bits per second Low-end WAN uses a 56-Kbps modem Internet backbone uses high-end WAN connections
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Networking Basics
Logical Network Organization Peer-to-Peer Networks
Data and resources distributed No central authority responsible for security An administrator must make the individual resource
available as a share Microsoft term for peer-to-peer is “workgroup” Microsoft recommends workgroups for 10 or fewer A small network with high security needs should
not be organized as a workgroup/peer-to-peer
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Networking Basics
Logical Network Organization (continued) Server-Based Networks
The most common network administrative organization Each PC interacts with one or more servers Servers are dedicated to providing network services A Microsoft server-based network with central
administration is called a domain
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.01
Peer-to-Peer or Server-Based Network?
Page 445
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Networking Basics
Network Pieces and Parts Physical Components
Network Interface and Media Network interface card (NIC) or modem Media may be metal wires, fiber-optic cable, or air
Other Network Connection Devices Hubs and switches Bridges and routers Firewalls
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Networking Basics
Software Components Drivers Network Operating Systems (NOSs) Services Protocols
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Basic Server Concepts
The Two Sides of the Equation Server and client are the two sides of the
equation A service enables a system to share its resources Peer-to-peer computers are both client and server A networked computer may play many roles at
once A special client is required for each resource type
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Basic Server Concepts
The Two Sides of the Equation (continued) Client requests resource and works with it locally A server performs tasks to provide the services Processing is distributed The relationship is client/server networking
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services Windows Server Operating Systems
Windows NT Server 4.0 products Windows NT Server 4.0 Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition Microsoft discontinued sales on January 1, 2005
Windows 2000 Server products Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition Windows Server 2003 Web Edition Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services (continued)
UNIX Server Operating Systems Many versions of UNIX for many hardware platforms Powerful and stable Server of choice for network infrastructure services Popular on servers that host large databases shared
by thousands of users
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) UNIX Server Operating Systems (continued)
Specialized database-specific software has been developed for UNIX
Deeply entrenched in insurance, medicine, banking, manufacturing, and on web servers.
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Linux Server Operating Systems
Growing in popularity within organizations of all sizes Becoming more accepted in the small business and
home markets Open operating system, available by itself for free Vendors bundle it and charge a fee for add-ons
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Linux Server Operating Systems (continued)
A cost-effective alternative for sharing files, applications, printers, modems, and Internet services
Linux is competing with all other server OSs Linux is distributed according to the Open Source
standard (www.opensource.org)
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Basic Server Concepts
The OSs Supporting the Services (continued) Novell Server Operating Systems
In the 1980s, Novell, Inc. produced hardware and software for corporate networks
They continued to update their flagship product, the NetWare network operating system
NetWare once had a nearly 70%share of the market Lost market share, but are gaining again Latest version is Open Enterprise Server (OES) OES is just one server product offered by Novell
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles in the Past Early 1980s LANs focused on file and printer sharing Mission-critical network services in large organizations
were provided by mainframe computers Users worked at dedicated terminals connected to the
mainframes over proprietary networks Typical early LAN was not connected to the corporate
network One or two servers would meet the needs of an entire
department
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles in the Past (continued) PC-based servers improved and now have capabilities
rivaling the mainframe systems Number of roles played by these servers has increased The mantra of IT professionals has become
"interoperability" Network services have moved off proprietary networks All the interconnected networks of a single organization
is an enterprise network An organization's data may be anywhere on the enterprise
network—even on a mainframe
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today Many additional server roles Single-purpose or multiple purpose servers Roles may be elaborate services that are added
to a network operating system A service is often an extra-cost option Source of an added service may be the same
vendor as the OS, or a third-party vendor
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Directory Service Server
Maintains the directory service database Domain controllers are servers running the Active
Directory service Active directory accounts can be administered remotely
or locally An administrator uses the Active Directory Users
and Group console to manage accounts
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server
A file server allows users to connect to it to store files A print server allows users to connect to print These two roles are combined in file and printer File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks The client side is called Client for Microsoft Networks
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server (continued)
Most NOSs have a file and print service as a base service that does not have to be added to the NOS
The most common reasons for using a file server It is easier to physically ensure the security of a server Data can be made available to multiple users Data can be used in a collaborative effort Data can be centrally backed up
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server (continued)
share (verb) – to make a network resource available share (noun) – the point at which network user can
access a resource A computer with shared resources is a server A computer used to access network resources is a client A PC can be both a server and client at the same time
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) File and Print Server (continued)
A desktop operating system does not have some of the same capabilities and services as a server OS
Server OSs can handle many simultaneous connections Server OSs can take advantage of very high-end
server computers with many processors, high-speed disk drives, and gigabytes of RAM memory
Servers attached to high-speed networks provide file and print services on large enterprise networks
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) E-Mail Servers
In the early days of PC networks, the electronic delivery and management of messages was the turf of the mainframe systems
LAN networks grew, became more capable,reliable, and interconnected
E-mail function gradually migrated to LAN servers Mail server (or e-mail server) transmits, receives,
and stores electronic mail E-mail – messages transmitted electronically
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) E-Mail Servers (continued)
Mail servers used within organizations, as well as on the Internet
Communicate via e-mail seamlessly within organizations and over the Internet
For many individuals, e-mail is the most compelling reason to have Internet access from home
In a Microsoft network, the e-mail server is Exchange In a NetWare environment, the e-mail server is GroupWise
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Data Backup Servers
Centralized data backup is an important networkservice
Data frequently backed up to removable media and stored off-site
In a simple scenario, users save all of their data to one or more network servers
Each server is then backed up nightly The backup task is moving from the desktop to the server
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Data Backup Servers (continued)
A tape backup system may be on each server Centralized backup systems back up many servers Backup services run on Windows, Novell, or UNIX Internet-based backup services:
CapSure Connected Xdrive Clunk Click 1stForData
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Application Server
An intermediary program between users running client software and a back-end business application or database
Client-side component may be on a PC, or it may be a simple web browser on a minimally configured network computer called a thin client
Thin client model is replacing client-server application Internet-based application service providers are called
(ASPs)
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Web Servers
Host web pages on the Internet and in private networks Content previously made available by other means is now
published on the company intranet An intranet is a private network using Internet
technologies, such as web servers
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Web Servers
For many years, users connecting to the Internet \could see only text content
The Internet existed, but not the Web The Web came about thanks to the efforts of Tim
Berners-Lee, designer of the hypertext markup language (HTML)
HTML is now the language of the World Wide Web
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Server Roles—Past and Present
Server Roles Today (continued) Web Servers (continued)
An Internet browser uses HTTP to interpret HTML A URL starts with “HTTP” to indicate use of this protocol Microsoft and Novell offer web server add-ons for their
operating systems Apache Server is used on up to 60% of all web servers
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Adding Computers to a Microsoft Domain Some computers can join a domain
Windows NT family of OSs can join a domain A computer needs an account in the domain database A computer joins the domain
Some computers cannot join a domain Windows 9x and Windows XP Home cannot join Users of 9x can log onto the domain and assign
permissions to local shares to domain accounts
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Adding Computers to a Microsoft Domain (continued) Some computers cannot join a domain (continued)
Users of Windows XP Home cannot log onto the domain Users of either OS can access domain shares
More benefits of domain membership Centralized management of the desktop computer When a computer joins a domain, certain group accounts
in the domain become members of local groups Domain Administrators become members of local
Administrators group Domain Users become members of the Local Users group
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.02
Adding a Computer to a Domain
Page 462
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Creating User and Group Accounts Users and Group Membership
Domain Users Individual accounts with identifying information Up to 20 characters in the username
Windows NT Domain Groups Local Global
Active Directory Domain Groups Domain Local Global
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Networking Basics
Step-by-Step 9.03
Creating User Accounts
Page 466
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Creating User and Group Accounts (continued) Passwords
Windows desktop OSs allow blank passwords by default Always use a password on a networked computer Enforce with local password policies Windows Server 2003 requires complex passwords Domain password policy affects all domain users Administrators set local or domain password policies
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Creating User and Group Accounts (continued) Passwords (continued)
Use the strongest password possible Windows allows mixed case and a mix of alpha, numeric,
and other symbols Create strong passwords Remember your password Do not use your name or any common words Change your password frequently Do not write your password on your office calendar, etc.
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Creating Shares Setting File-Level Permissions
NTFS file permissions are the last defense Set permissions at the most restrictive
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Creating Shares (continued) Creating a Share and Setting Share-Level
Permissions Local files and folders are not visible over a network until a share
is created above them A file share is the point at which a network user can access files A file share must point to a folder Once created, permissions can be set The share default permissions on desktop Windows and some
server versions = Everyone full control Windows 2003 default = Everyone Read Everyone group is every user connected to the network
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Sharing and Protecting Resources
Creating Shares (continued)
Creating a Share and Setting Share-Level Permissions (continued)
First set NTFS permissions on the folders and files that will be under the share
Then create the share Remove the Everyone group from share permissions Share permissions should be equal to or greater than
the NTFS permissions on underlying folders and files Combining share permissions and NTFS permissions
results in the most restrictive of the two sets