INTRODUCTION TO OESTEOLOGY

8/13/2019 INTRODUCTION TO OESTEOLOGY

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Skeletal system

Your bonesmanufacture bloodcells.

Our bones are held by our muscles

The smallest bonesare in our ears
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/skeleton/


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Muscular system Muscles are bundles

of cells and fibers. We have 600 major

muscles. We have 240

muscles that havespecific jobs


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TMJ


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Structure of Bone


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Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis Medullary Cavity Nutrient Art & Vein 2 Epiphyses Epiphyseal Plates Epiphyseal Art & Vein Periosteum

Outer: Dense irregular CT Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Does not cover epiphyses Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers

Endosteum Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity


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Synovial Joint

pg 215


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Bursae & Tendon Sheaths Bursae : flat, fibrous sac

w/synovial membranelining

Tendon Sheaths:elongated bursae thatwraps around tendons

3 Factors in JointStability: Muscle Tone Ligaments

Fit of Articular Surface pg 219


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Joint Shapes Hinge: cylindrical end of 1

bone fits into trough shape ofother

angular movement-1 plane (eg)elbow, ankle, interphalangal

Plane : articular surface in flat

plane Short gliding movement (eg) intertarsal, articular processes

of vertebrae

pg 224


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Joint Shapes

Condyloid : egg-shape articularsurface + oval concavity side-to-side, back+forth movement (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

Pivot : round end fits into ring of

bone + ligament rotation on long axis (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

pg 225


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Anterior Skull

frontal bonesupraorbital

foramenzygomatic bone

maxillary bone

alveolar fossa

infraorbit

alforamen

glabella

mental foramenmandible

mandibularsymphysis
http://www.aboutskinsurgery.com/Patients/BeforeandAfter/Before-After-botox_glabella.htmlhttp://www.aboutskinsurgery.com/Patients/BeforeandAfter/Before-After-botox_glabella.html


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Anterior Skull

nasalboneperpendicularplate

middle nasalconcha

vomer bone

superiororbital fissureinferior nasalconcha bone


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Paranasal Sinuses

frontal sinus

ethmoidsinusmaxilary sinus

sphenoid sinus


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Craniumfrontal bone

parietal bo

occipital bon

lambdoidalsuture

sagittal suture

coronal suture


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Ventral Skullpalatine processpalatine bone

vomer bone

mastoid proce

styloid process

external occipitalprotuberance

sphenoid bone

temporalbone

occipital bone


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Occipital bone

occipitalcondyle

jugular

foramen

carotidcanal

foramen magnum


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Lateral Skull

lacrimalbone

temporalbone

squamosalsuture

mandibularcondyle

In mandibularfossa

xternal acoustic

meatus


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angle

coronoidprocess

zygomatic ar

mastoid process

styloid process

sphenoidbone

bodyramus

mandibleLateral Skull

sutura

l bone


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crista gallicribriborm plate

intenalacoustic

meatus

greater wing lesser wing

optic canalella turcica

gular foramen

InternalSkull


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Hyoid bone

temmporalmandibular

joint

externalacoustic

meatus

Hyoid +


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________ ________ ________Sagittal


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Coronal

Lambdoid

Squamous


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Overview of Skull Geography

Facial bones form the anterior aspect

The cranial bones enclose the brain


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Vault

The cranial vaultor calvaria formsthe superior,lateral, and

posterior aspectsof skull

The cranial baseforming theinferior aspect ofskull


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Cranial Base Cranial base forms

the skulls inferioraspect

Three prominentridges divide the

base into fossae The brain rests on

these cranial fossae

completely enclosed by the cranial vault The brain occupies

the cranial cavity

C i


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Cranium

The 8 cranial bones include; 2 parietal, 2 temporalfrontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Cranium is self- bracing allowing the bones to be

thin, yet strong


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O i i l b I l d k


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Occipital bone - Int. landmarks

Hypoglossal canal, Posterior cranial fossa


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Temporal Bone

Forms the infero-lateral aspects ofthe skull

Parts of the cranial

floor Divided into four

regions; squamoustympanic,mastoid, and

petrous-(int)


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Temporal Bone - landmarks

Zygomatic process Meets the

zygomatic

bone Forms thecheek

Mandibular

fossa Receives

condyle ofmandible


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Sphenoid bone

Bone spanning thewidth of middlecranial fossa

Articulates as

central wedge of allcranial bones

Consists of central body and three processes; greaterand lesser wingsand pterygoid

process (pos. view)

S h id l d k


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Sphenoid - landmarks

Sella turcica (enclosure for pituitary gland)

Optic foramina (passage of optic nerves) Superior orbital fissure (Nerves III, IV, V enter orbit) Foramen rotundum & ovale (Cranial Nerve V to face)

Foramen spinosum (Middle meningeal artery)


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Ethmoid bone Forms most of the

area between thenasal cavity &orbits of eyes

Lies betweennasal bones &sphenoid

Complex shape

gives rise to nasalseptum, sinusesand cribiform

plate

E h id b l d k


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Ethmoid bone - landmarks Cribiform plates

Forms roof of nasalcavity

Olfactory formina Olfactory nerves

enter brain

Crista galli Attachment of the

dura mater whichsecures brain incavity


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ll b


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Maxillary bone Forms upper jaw

and central portion of facialskeleton

Fused medially Articulates with

all facial bonesexcept mandible

Upper dentition Forms 2/3 of

hard palate of themouth

Maxillarybone

Zygomaticprocess

ill b l d k


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Maxillary bones - landmarks Alveolar margin

Upper dentition Frontal process

Forms lateralaspects of nose

Zygomatic process

Articulates with

zygomatic bone Maxillary sinuses

(Fig. 7.11)

P l ti b


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Palatine bones The horizontal

plates forms the posterior portionof hard palate

Vertical plateforms part of the

posterolateralwall of nasalcavity and a small

portion of orbit


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Inferior Nasal Conchae Landmark


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Inferior Nasal Conchae - Landmark

The Inferiornasal conchae is

just one of threein the nasal

cavity Superior andmiddle conchaare on the

Ethmoid bone

Th O bi


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The Orbits

Paranasal sinuses


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Paranasal sinuses Note positioning

around nasalcavity


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TMJ


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TMJ


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TMJ Capsule


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Characteristics - Ligaments


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Characteristics Ligaments Ligaments hold the

vertebral column inan upright position The broad Anterior

Longitudinal

Ligament preventshyperextension and isquite strong

The cord like

PosteriorLongitudinalLigament preventshyperflexion and isrelatively weak

Characteristics - Ligaments


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Characteristics - Ligaments Ligaments

also connectspecificvertebra andsupport disc

position Supraspinos

ligament Ligamentum

flavum Interspinous

ligament

Intervertebral Discs


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Intervertebral Discs Intervertebral discs are cushion like pads

interposed between vertebra The discs provide elasticity and

compressibility Compression flattens discs Discs are thickest in the cervical and lumbar

to provide flexibility

Characteristics - discs


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Characteristics - discs Annulus fibrosus

surrounds theouter margin Collagen fibers

Nucleus pulposusis the semi fluidsubstance whichshifts under bodyweight & pressure

Herniation of discHerniation

of disk


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Regional Characteristic: Cervical


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Regional Characteristic: Cervical Body is oval, but wide

side to side C3 - C7 Spinous process is

short and bifid (split)except in C7

Vertebral foramen istriangular

Transverse processes

contain foramina for blood vessels leadingto brain

Cervical Vertebrae C1


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Cervical Vertebrae C1

Lateral masses articulates with the occipitalcondyles of the skull


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Regional Characteristic: Cervical


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Regional Characteristic: Cervical Spinous processes

project directly posteriorly Superior facets

directedsuperoposteriorly

Inferior facetsdirected

inferoanteriorly Flexion/extension,lateral flexion androtation

Regional Characteristic: Thoracic


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Regional Characteristic: Thoracic Body is larger than

cervical; heart shaped Spinous process is

long and sharp

Vertebral foramen iscircular Transverse processes

project posteriorly and bear facets for ribs


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Sacral


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Sacral Ala are fused remnants

of transverse processesthat articulate with hip bones to form the sacroiliac joints of the pelvis

Sacral promontory Center of gravity is 1 cm

posterior of this point Transverse line are sites

of vertebral fusion Sacral foramina transmit

blood vessels and nerves

Sacralpromontory

Ala


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Ribs


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Tubercle of rib

articulates withtransverse process Ligaments secure

rib to transverse

process Note how the

transverse processesof thoracicvertebrae are angled

posteriorly


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* .* . * . *. . *

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The Skull: Fractures

Another example of anegg shell fracture.


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INTRODUCTION TO OESTEOLOGY

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