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SEMINARONPASSIVE& ACTIVEDESIGN
FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS25thAugust 2014
Hyatt Regency, Kota Kinabalu,Sabah
Passive Design The Key to
Bui ld ing Energy E f f ic iency
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B . E n g ( H o n s ) , F I E M , J u r u t e r a G a s
ht tp : / / www. j k r . gov . m y / bseep /
Part 1 Introduction to Passive Design
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2 SYNOPSIS
PASSIVE
DESIGN
measures are key considerations in the design of building for low energyand environmental performances. The importance of Passive Design is underscored by its
precedence over Active Design measures in green and low energy building.
PASSIVE DESIGN measures (which are principally architectural in nature) aims to embed
features into a building which are intrinsically green and low energy in nature. Active
measures are design features which requires activeinterventionof building systems (such
as air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, lighting systems etc) which will contribute to
green and/or low energy performances. Current pressing requirements for green design and
low energy in building which are increasingly driven by mandatory building codes (e.g.
recent revision to the UBBL incorporating parts of MS1525) requires knowledge of Passive
Design as in the skill set of the design architect.
THISPRESENTATIONis structured into 5 short subsections
(1) Introduction to Passive Design;(2) Building Thermal Envelope;
(3) Natural ventilation;
(4) Day-lighting;
(5) Case studies and simulation.
25 th August 2014
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25 th August 2014
3 SYNOPSISTOPART1INTRODUCTION
THIS PRESENTATION introduces the topic of passive design in the following
progressive manner:
(1) Building Energy ?
(2) Low Energy Building
(3) Passive design and active design
(4) Passive building components and building energy
(5) Quantifying building components contribution
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25 th August 2014
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25 th August 2014
5 BUILDINGENERGY
Typical Energy Use (kWh)
Typical Office Building
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25 th August 2014
6 BUILDINGENERGY
Kings Green Hotel,Melaka (3 Star Hotel)
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7 RESIDENTIALBUILDINGENERGY
What About Residential Buildings?
How do we measure Residential Building Energy?
In CETDEM study of around 2005, at least 55% of
energy use is attributed to fuel for transport.
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8 RESIDENTIALBUILDINGENERGY
This is total Energy Use per family (middle income)
If we are only concerned with building energy, then weshould only focus on electricity use.
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9 RESIDENTIALBUILDINGENERGY
But in many Malaysian home, if designed properly, noaircond units are required.
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10
10 COMMERSIALBUILDINGENERGY-- CONCLUSION
In Commercial buildings, we can conclude that building
energy comprise the following:
These are dependent
on building design.
This do not depend on
building design.
1. Air conditioning = 0% - 40%
2. Lighting = 8% - 20%
3. Appliances (fridge, oven) etc = 10% - 30%
4. General power outlets = 10% - 30%
For residential building a large part of building energy can
be attributed to life-style which may be due to socio-
economic, cultural and even geographic location in nature.
If is even possible for a residential building to be designed
without air conditioning.
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11
11 COMMERSIALBUILDINGENERGY-- CONCLUSION
1. Air conditioning = 45% - 60%
2. Lighting = 15% - 25%
3. Utilities = 10% - 30%
4. General power outlets = 10% - 30%
These are dependent
on building design.
This do not depend on
building design.
It is possible to design a building which lessen energy useof those components listed above. These building
components can be said to be intrinsic to the building
OR part of the building character.
In Commercial buildings, we can conclude that building
energy comprise the following:
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12
12 COMMERSIALBUILDINGENERGY-- CONCLUSION
In Residential buildings, we can conclude that buildingenergy comprise the following (only for typical middle
class Malaysian family:
1. Air conditioning = 45% - 60%
2. Lighting = 15% - 25%
3. Utilities = 10% - 30%
4. General power outlets = 10% - 30%
These are dependent
on building design.
This do not depend on
building design.
It is possible to design a building which lessen energy usof those components listed above. These building
components can be said to be intrinsic to the building
OR part of the building character.
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KeTTHA Low Energy Building (LEO)
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14 BUILDINGENERGYBENCHMARKS
Why do we need Building Energy Benchmarks ?
Building Energy Benchmarks are indicators of building performance
which is use as comparison between different building design (uniform
gauge for comparison).
Building performance benchmarks are important:
1. Indication of building environmental quality which may be demanded bythe market forces.
2. Benchmarks on which regulatory requirement on building energy
performance may be mandated, example:
BEI (Building Energy Index) defined by GBI for compliance scoring in
the GBI environmental rating system. OTTV (Overall thermal transfer value) of building which is a form of
building energy performance benchmark which is now mandatory in
some states
Building energy performance (BEI and/or OTTV) will increasingly be
method for
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15 BUILDINGENERGYBENCHMARKS
For Commercial Buildings the following benchmarks by GBI &
JKR-BSEEP:
Levels Office BEI
per year
Hotel /
Resort, BEI
per year
Retail
Malls BEI/
year
Health care
BEI/year
Industrial
Building
BEI/year
Data
Centre
(PUE)
1 150kWh/m 200kWh/m 240kWh/m 200kWh/m 180kWh/m 1.9
2 140kWh/m 190kWh/m 225kWh/m 190kWh/m 150kWh/m 1.8
3 130kWh/m 175kWh/m 210kWh/m 175kWh/m 140kWh/m 1.7
4 120kWh/m 160kWh/m 195kWh/m 160kWh/m 130kWh/m 1.6
5 110kWh/m 150kWh/m 180kWh/m 150kWh/m 120kWh/m 1.5
6 100kWh/m 135kWh/m 160kWh/m 135kWh/m 110kWh/m 1.4
7 90kWh/m 120kWh/m 145kWh/m 120kWh/m 100kWh/m 1.3
8 - - - - 90kWh/m
Low Energy Building (LEO) is any building performance, level 6
and below!
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16 BUILDINGENERGYBENCHMARKS
For Residential Buildings NO BEI benchmarks, BUT building
energy performance based on OTTV is practiced by GBI & JKR-BSEEP:
Levels GBI RNC Version 3 OTTV landed GBI RNC Version 3 OTTV High rise
1 50W/m 50W/m
246W/m 46W/m
3 44W/m 42W/m
4 42W/m 38W/m
5 40W/m 34W/m
6 38W/m 30W/m
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19 BUILDINGENERGYCOMPONENTS
Passive design features are features which are intrinsicto the building
(i.e. is an integral part or character of the building). Examples arewell insulated building,
orientation away from direct sun,
windows to allow natural day-light
Naturally ventilated building etc.
Active design features are features which are building systems (usually
mechanical and electrical in nature) which actively contributes to or
enhances the performance of a building (performance may include
energy or environmental quality). Examples are:
Air conditioning system
Artificial lighting
Mechanical ventilation
Lifts
Escalators etc.
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20 BUILDINGENERGYCOMPONENTS
Services Factors affecting kWh usage Parameters in design
ACMV Heat Transmission through walls/roof Weather Data
Solar irradiance OTTV, RTTV, Sun position & shading
calculation
Air Infiltration Weather data
Human population/traffic Time-based traffic
Lighting load Human traffic, day light factor
Machine load Occupancy Pattern
Utility
Lighting Human traffic Occupancy Pattern
Day Lighting Sun Position, glare control
Power/ Plug
Load
Human Traffic Occupancy Pattern
Utility Usage Pattern
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21 WHATAREAPASSIVEDESIGNFEATURES
Passive design features can be listed as the following design measures:1. Building Orientation (sun path)
2. Building thermal envelope (OTTV)
3. Roof thermal envelope (RTTV)
4. Micro climate of surrounding (landscaping)
5. Naturally ventilated building
6. Natural day lighting by windows, daylighting system such as light
tube, light shelf etc.
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22 MS1525 ANDPASSIVEDESIGN
25 th August 2014
MS1525 (now 3rd
edition 2014) hasthe following Parts
0. Introduction
1. Scope
2. Normative Reference3. Terms and Definitions
4. Architectural and passive
design strategy
5. Building Envelope
6. Lighting
7. Electric power and distribution
8. Energy management and
control system
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23 MS1525 ANDPASSIVEDESIGN
25 th August 2014
MS1525 Section 4 Architectural and
passive design strategy
1. Site planning & orientation
2. Daylighting
3. Faade design
4. Natural ventilation
5. Thermal insulation
6. Strategic landscaping and
7. Renewable energy (principallysolar)
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24 MS1525 ANDPASSIVEDESIGN
25 th August 2014
MS1525 Section 5 Building
Envelope contains the following:
1. Concept of Overall Building
Thermal Transfer (OTTV)
2. Sun path and building orientation
3. Shadings to mitigate solar
insolation
4. Daylighting
5. Roofs thermal performance
6. Roofs with skylights
7. Air leakage
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25 th August 2014
25 MS1525
Passive design features are can be listed as the following designmeasures:
1. Building Orientation (sun path)
2. Building thermal envelope (OTTV)
3. Roof thermal envelope (RTTV)4. Naturally ventilated building
5. Natural day lighting by windows, daylighting system such as light
tube, light shelf etc.
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20 March 2014
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20 March 201425 th August 2014
27 CASESTUDYTOQUANTIFYTHEBLDGENERGY
Building design features which contributes to building cooling energy
can be illustrated as follows:
Heat gain
thro walls
Heat gain thro windows
Air Infiltration (doors/
windows/ cracks)
Fresh Air
Intake People
heat gain Electric
Applianceheat gain
Heat gain & solar heat
gain thro roof (RTTV)
Lighting
heat gainElectric
Motor
heat gain
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20 March 201425 th August 2014
28 CASESTUDYTOQUANTIFYTHEBLDGENERGY
Case study attempts to find out how much is the contribution of various
building components
The Model:
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29 CASESTUDYTOQUANTIFYTHEBLDGENERGY
Building Cooling Energy
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30 CASESTUDYTOQUANTIFYB.E.
Some Conclusion Building faade contributes to about 15% of cooling energy
Roof contribution is proportional to the ratio of roof space to total
built-up
Air intake or how leaky a building is contributes up to awhopping 25% to building cooling energy.
Electrical equipment inside building contributes a major 30%.
This component unfortunately is usually not influence by building
designers but by the M&E engineer. However building designed
with minimal or less dependency on electrical equipment will behave significant effect on building energy.
People or occupant only contribute from 15%-20% of B.E.
Understanding above and building usage pattern can assist
designers in building low energy building.
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T h a n k Yo u f o r Yo u r At t e n t i o n
PLANNINGANURBANTRANSITIONSUSTAINABILITYBENCHMARKS
SEMINARONPASSIVE& ACTIVEDESIGN
FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS25thAugust 2014
Hyatt Regency, Kota Kinabalu,Sabah
Passive Design The Key to
Bui ld ing Energy E f f ic iencyI r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B . E n g ( H o n s ) , F I E M , J u r u t e r a G a s
Part 1 Introduction to Passive Design