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Introduction to Physical Science
Mrs. Stratton
Scientific Method
Metric System
Lab Introduction
Bubble Lab
Using Grad. Cyl.
Metric Research
Prefix / Suffix
Graphing
Uncert, of Meas.
Build a ScalePre-Assessment
Pre-AssessmentConvert the following measurements:1. 25 m = _____ cm2. 20 ml = _____ L3. 5 kg = _____ mg4. 10 mm= _____ mFill in the blanks with the appropriate word:5. A(n) ____ is the equipment in the lab used to find mass.6. A(n)____ is a proposed solution to a scientific problem.7. A(n)____ is the factor being tested in an experiment.8. The ____axis on a graph represents the dependant
variable.
MAIN
Lab Safety1. Safety goggles
2. Shoes
3. Conduct only assigned experiments
4. eyewash
5. emergency shower,
6. No gum, food, drink
7. Wash your hands . . .
Lab Safety
8. Read all of the directions
9. Notify your teacher about spills or breakage
10. Report all accidents
11. Pin or tie back long hair
12. Add acids to water
13. Test tube mouth away from people when heating.
14. Leave you work area clean
Common Lab Tools - GlasswareBEAKER
GRADUATED CYLINDER
FLASK
TEST TUBE
Common Lab Tools
ELECTRONIC BALANCE
3-BEAM BALANCE
BUNSEN BURNER
HOT PLATE
Scientific MethodA. Terminology
1. Observation
2. Inference
3. Question
4. Hypothesis
5. Prediction
6. Test
Scientific MethodB. Example
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. prediction
5. test
Scientific MethodC. Theory vs. Law
1. Theory
2. Law
Scientific MethodD. Variables and Experiments
1. Variable A. Dependant variable
B. Independent variable
C. Control
2. DataA. Qualitative
B. Quantitative
MAIN
Bubbles Inquiry LabAdapted from Section 1.3 Mini-lab: Addison-Wesley Chemistry, 2003.
Hypothesis:
Bubble making can be affected by adding chemicals to a bubble blowing mixture.
Prediction:
Bubbles Inquiry LabProcedure:
Write a procedure that will allow you to test the hypothesis. Be sure to have replicates of your experimental design (example, use five cups for each treatment). Procedures should be given to the teacher for critique and changed if needed.
Possible Materials:
plastic cups, graduated cylinders, measuring scoops, water, de-chlorinated water, dish detergent, sugar, salt, vinegar, oil, straws, spoons
Bubbles Inquiry Lab
Observations:
Make a Table in which to record your observations. Every groups table will be different because it depends on your procedure.
Bubbles LabConclusions:
1. Did you observe any differences in your containers?
2. Propose a more specific hypothesis based on bubble making and design an experiment to test your hypothesis. For this experiment, find a way to collect quantitative data.
3. Turn procedures in to the teacher then make changes as needed.
MAIN
Graphing Rules2 types of graphs: • line graphs: continuous data• bar graphs: non-continuous data
Graphs have a horizontal axis (X)-independent variable Graphs have a vertical axis (Y) - dependant variable Clearly label both axesMark off units for each axis and list unitsTitle the graph at the top (describe the subject of the graph)If you plot more than one line on the graph, use distinctive marks or color to identify each line and add a legend
MAIN
Graphing Practice Graphing Review
Graphing Practice
1. What is the mass of 10 mL of liquid A?
2. What is the Volume of 10 g of Liquid A?
Graphing Practice
3. Which liquid has the greatest mass for 10 mL of volume?
4. Which of the liquids has a density of 1 g per 1 mL?
MAIN
Graphing Review1-7 Review and Reinforcement © Prentice Hall: Physical Science 1991
On a sheet of graph paper, plot the data in the following table. Make sure to label the axes. You should have a line for each liquid..
Temperature (C)time heated
(seconds)water ethyl
alcohol
0 19.0 19.0
30 19.0 19.2
60 19.2 19.5
90 19.5 20.0
120 20.5 21.5
150 21.0 22.5
Graphing Review
Use the graph to answer each of the following questions.
1. Which variable, time or temperature, is the independent variable on this graph? Explain.
2. At time 35 s, what is the temperature of (a) the water and (b) the ethyl alcohol?
3. How long must the water be heated to raise its temperature to (a) 19.3°C? to (b) 20.0°C?
Graphing Review (cont)Use the graph to answer each of the
following questions.
4. If the water and the alcohol continue to be heated simultaneously, will they ever reach the same temperature?' Explain your answer in terms of the trend you see on the graph.
5. Does the temperature of the ethyl alcohol increase at a steady rate as it is heated? Use examples from the graph.
MAIN
Uncertainty of Measuring Techniques
Prediction:Materials:
Station 1: meter stickStation 2: metric ruler, regular objectStation 3: graduated cylinder, beaker with liquidStation 4: balance, small pebbleStation 5: graduated cylinder, beaker of water,
irregular objectStation 6: thermometer, beaker with ice and water,
paper towel
Uncertainty of Measuring Techniques
Observations:
Record your measurements in table form. Put class data on the board.
Station 1 2 3 4 5 6
Measurement
Uncertainty of Measuring Techniques
Conclusions:
Do all the class measurements have the same value for each station? Why?
Which station had the most similar measurements? Why were they so similar?
Which station had the most varied measurements? Why were they so different?
MAIN
Scientific Measurement
1. Metric System• length• volume• mass
2. Conversions• milli- • centi- • deci-• kilo-
Scientific Measurement
Practice:
1. 0.5 meters = cm
2. 800 millimeters = cm
3. 50 milligrams = g
4. 2 liters = ml
METRIC CONVERSIONS
25 m = ____ cm
25 m = ____ km
15 cm = ____ mm
15 cm = ____ dm
METRIC CONVERSIONS
25 m = ____ cm
25 m = ____ km
15 cm = ____ mm
15 cm = ____ dm
2500 cm
0.025 km
150 mm
0.015 dm
Scientific Measurement - Assignment
Ancient units of measurement• Find five ancient units of measurement and
give their modern equivalents
• List sources
Homework
1. 100 m = _____ km
2. 100 m = _____ mm
3. 5 km = ______ m
4. 5 km = ______ cm
5. 8 dm = ______ km
6. 40 mm = _____ cm
7. 2000 cm = ____ m
MAIN
Homework
1. 100 m = _____ km
2. 100 m = _____ mm
3. 5 km = ______ m
4. 5 km = ______ cm
5. 8 dm = ______ km
6. 40 mm = _____ cm
7. 2000 cm = ____ m
0.1 km
100,000 mm
5,000 m
500,000 cm
0.08 km
4 cm
20 m
MAIN
Build a Scale
MEASUREMENT OF MASS
http://www.utm.edu/departments/cece/cesme/PSAM/PSAM/psamdoc.pdf
CHALLENGE
to build a spring balance to find the unknown mass of an object.
Materials
3 ounce paper cup,
four paper clips
large elastic rubber band
metric ruler
2 metal washers,
toothpick
Procedure
1. Write a procedure to complete the challenge. Turn in procedure to your teacher and make changes as needed.
2. Design a results table for the data you will collect.
3. Graph your data.
Conclusion
Mass (in pennies) of Unknown Object A
Mass (in pennies) of Unknown Object B
MAIN
Measuring Liquid Volume with the Graduated Cylinder
Prediction:
Materials:• red, blue, and yellow water
• test tube stand
• water
• 50-ml graduated cylinder
• 3 small beakers
• 6 test tubes
Measuring Liquid Volume with the Graduated Cylinder
Procedure:1. Design a procedure as you use the materials
given to make six test tubes with colors in the following order: Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, Purple. Each tube should contain the exact same amount of liquid.
2. As you make your colors, record exact measurements so another group can replicate your results.
3. The teacher will photograph your results.
Measuring Liquid Volume with the Graduated Cylinder
Procedure (cont):
3. Trade procedures with another group, follow their procedure and have the teacher photograph your tubes when you finish.
4. Compare the pictures from your procedure when you followed it and when another group followed it..
Measuring Liquid Volume with the Graduated Cylinder
Observations:
Describe differences and similarities between the two sets.
Conclusion:
Give possible reasons for any discrepancies and list ways to improve your procedure writing to make replication work better.
MAIN
METRIC RESEARCHInstructions: Use the internet or other reference
material to find the following measurements. List your sources.
1. Length of a football field in meters
2. Length of the Golden Gate Bridge in meters
3. Distance to the sun in kilometers
4. Distance light travels in one year, which is called a light-year, in kilometers
METRIC RESEARCH (cont)
5. Average mass of a mouse in grams
6. Mass of Wright brothers’ plane in kilograms
7. Hottest Temperature ever recorded on the earth in degrees Celsius
8. Coldest Temperature ever recorded on the earth in degrees Celsius
MAIN
Complete these Measurements in centimeters
Your height
Your arm length
Book height
Desk top length
Desk top width
Construct a table for these measurements
Measurement Tablemm cm m Km
Height
Arm
Book
Desk L
Desk W
Prefixes / SuffixesAdapted from Prentice Hall Chap 1 Activity
Prefix Meaning
Anti- Against
Atmo- Vapor
Chromo- Color
Con- Together
Di- Double
Endo- Within
Exo- Outside
Hetero- Different
Homo- Same
Hydro- Water
1. Select three science words that have a prefix listed on the chart
Prefixes / SuffixesAdapted from Prentice Hall Chap 1 Activity
Prefix Meaning
In- Inside
Inter- Between
Iso- Equal
Macro- Large
Micro- Small
Photo- Light
Sub- Under
Syn- Together
Tele- Distant
Trans- Across
2. Select three more science words that have a prefix listed on this chart
Prefixes / SuffixesAdapted from Prentice Hall Chap 1 Activity
Suffix Meaning
-ation The act of
-escent Becoming
-graphy Description of
-logy Study of
-meter Device for measuring
-scope Instrument for seeing
-sphere Round
-stasis Stationary condition
-therm Heat
-verge Turn
3. Select three science words that have a suffix listed on this chart
Prefixes / SuffixesAdapted from Prentice Hall Chap 1 Activity
4. Write a paragraph using the nine words you have chosen. Be prepared to read your paragraph aloud.
MAIN