Introduction to Physiology

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATIONby ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at AustinAdditional text by Jessica Padilla exclusive for physiology at ECC

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYAN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION

DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

UNIT 1

1 Introduction to Physiology


2. Levels of Organization Physiology defined

Study of the functions and processes of living organisms- as seen under normal conditions. This is different from anatomy since it is the study of structure.

Organization of life The cell is the unit of life Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms


3. Levels of Organization

Figure 1-1


4. Organ Systems in Review Integumentary-Skin, hair, nails. 7 functions main one is protection.

Musculoskeletal- Muscle and bone- main functions is movement and protection.

Respiratory- Lungs and respiratory tract- main function is gas exchange

Digestive-GI tract and accessory organs- main function is digestion to provide nutrion.

Reproductive and Urinary- genitals (primary and accessory) and urinary organs- main function is reproduction and excretion

Circulatory-Heart, blood vessels, blood. Main function is to deliver components needed by living cells and collect waste.

Nervous and Endocrine- Brain, nerves, and glands. Main function is to control body functions, responses, and information management.

Immune- white blood cells, lymphatic system, and other organs belonging to systems listed above. Main function is to protect the body from infection and promote healing.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-2

5. Organ Systems in Review

The integration between systems of the body (immune system not shown)


6. Function versus Process Function explains the “why”

Teleological approach- explains to you the functions. This approach can be used to relate different systems.

Process or mechanism describes the “how” Mechanistic approach-explains the processes of how

things work but doesn’t give a reason why. Incorporates principles of physics, chemistry, and biology.

Physiology integrates function and process. Red blood cell example

Why do we have red blood cells? How do red blood cells do this?


7. Homeostasis (“a relatively constant environment”)

Environmental balance- despite the changes in the external environment the body is able to maintain a constant internal environment. Example- water balance External- temperature, humidity, and other environmental

factors affect our internal environment. Internal- body temperature, hydration, pH balance,

CO2/O2 levels and more are internal components that must be stable for cells to function properly.

Cell Intracellular fluid- found inside the cells- it directly

affects cell organelles. Extracellular fluid- surrounds cells and serves as a buffer

zone and changes as a result of overall body conditions.


8. Factors Homeostatically Regulated Concentration of nutrient molecules- nutrient molecules are

used by the cell to produce energy Concentration of O2 and CO2- oxygen is needed to produce

energy. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of this process and must be removed to maintain pH

Concentration of waste products- accumulation of waste products causes toxic effects

pH- appropriate pH levels are required for proper nerve cell and enzyme function in the body.

Concetration of water, salt, and other electrolyte- regulation is essential for maintaining proper cell volume and function

Volume and Pressure- ultimately affect plasma levels needed for linking intra- & extracellular environments

Temperature- a narrow range allows for proper function to prevent slow down or impairment of protein function


9. Homeostasis

Relationships between an organism’s internal and external environments

Protective cells allow for less diffusion than exchange cells do. Movement of intra- and extra cellular fluid happens at equal rates


10. Homeostasis and Controls External or internal change- Because extracellular

fluid influences the internal cell environment it must remain within the narrow range of normal values.

Physiological attempt to correct- when the normal ranges for extracellular fluid are not met compensatory mechanisms help to restore conditions. Sensors, integrating center- certain organs in the body

monitor internal conditions. Response of cells and organs- a disruption of

homeostasis triggers compensatory mechanism- example: thrist.

Loss of homeostasis- inability to restore a normal range environment.


Homeostasis and Controls Successful compensation- discontinues triggered

reponses, Homeostasis reestablished- normal function is

restored. Failure to compensate

Pathophysiology- functioning under a state of disease Illness- a pathological condition that may result

from external or internal failure of normal processes

Death- occurs when homeostasis fails and cell life cannot be sustained.


Homeostasis and Controls


Themes in Physiology Homeostasis and control systems – process that maintain a

stable environment using signals and a controller. Biological energy - used for processes like transport and metabolism

Structure-function relationships Molecular interactions – abilities of individual molecules to interact with

each other greatly influences biological functions. Compartmentation- uses boundaries or concentrated areas to promote

specialization of a process. Mechanical properties – cells have specific characteristics that facilitate

function like elasticity, pumps, etc. Communication- the flow of information through chemical and electrical

signals.

These themes will appear throughout the units and chapters.


The Scientific Method A series of procedures

used by scientist to explain and observation.

The explanation may lead to the formation of a theory or law

The steps of the scientific method may be followed in different order must commonly it is presented as follows.


Scientific Method


The scientific method Observation – recognizing something has occurred

As one observes events there may be something that spikes your curiosity. You want to understand how or why it happens.

Question Formation – relates to observation You create a question the reflects the observation and interest.

Research- exploration of alternative resources You look up information gathered on the subject you are

exploring. It may be previous research or well stablished information.

Hypothesis – possible explanation/answer to question. Educated guess. After research and learning more you make an educated guess to

explain your observation. This will be tested through experimentation.


The scientific method Experimentation- testing the hypothesis through

experimenta. Experimental group vs. Control group

-both groups are tested in identical conditions. They vary by only one variable- it is the factor that you think influences an outcome that either supports or rejects the hypothesis.

b. Independent variable vs. Dependent variable - variables not -variables influenced by

affected by others change in othersc. Valid and reliable results

- if multiple test give the same results and there are enough subjects or sample for results to be statistically supported, then results are valid and reliable.


Scientific Method

Agree with or create laws and theory Scientific Law- uniform or constant feature of nature describing

what happens in nature Theory- widely accepted , plausible generalization about

fundamental concepts in science that is supported by many experiments and explains why things happen in nature.

Conclusion and communication You decide whether the results support or reject the hypothesis

and share it with the scientific community a. Inductive reasoning vs. deductive reasoning

Inductive- draw a conclusion from the sum of multiple results Deductive- draw a conclusion after excluding mulitple

possibilities


Summary Organ systems Structures and functions Homeostatic balance Integrative science Four key themes Scientific Method

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Introduction to Physiology

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