Introduction to Planning Geography 241 Spring Semester 2009 The Origins and Development of Cities The Origins and Development of Cities • What are cities? Theories of Urban Origins • Agricultural Surplus: • Religious Causes: • Defensive Needs: • Trading Requirements: Cities as Engines of Economic Growth: Capitalism, Industrialism, and Urbanism • The New Trading Cities: • A Capitalist Economy: • The Revival of Urbanization: Structure and Form of Trading Cities • Political and Economic Structure: • Spatial Form: • Industrial Cities:
Transcript
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Spring Semester2009
The Origins andDevelopment of Cities
The Originsand Development of Cities
• What are cities?
Theories of Urban Origins
• Agricultural Surplus:
• Religious Causes:
• Defensive Needs:
• Trading Requirements:
Cities as Engines of Economic Growth: Capitalism, Industrialism, and Urbanism
• The New Trading Cities:
• A Capitalist Economy:
• The Revival of Urbanization:
Structure and Form of Trading Cities
• Political and Economic Structure:
• Spatial Form:
• Industrial Cities:
Industrial Revolution
• Changing Logic of City Locations:
• Elements of the Industrial City:
The Evolution of theAmerican Urban System
The Evolution of theAmerican Urban System
• Urban Systems:
• Situation:
The American Urban Hierarchy1630 - 2007
• Colonial Imprints:
• The Early Development of the U.S. Urban Hierarchy:
• Recent Shifts in the U.S. Urban Population:
Metropolitan Dominance
• Urbanization and Industrialization Among U.S. Urban Centers:
Borchert’s Transportation Epochs and American Metropolitan Growth
• Horse and Wagon Epoch 1790-1830:
• Regional Rail Network Epoch 1830-1870:
• National Railroad Network Epoch 1870-1920:
• Automobile-Airplane Epoch 1920-1960:
Urbanization Process
• Urbanization Curves:
Walter Christaller’sCentral Place Theory
• Centrality:
• Range of Goods:
• Threshold:
• Hexagonal Trade Areas:
Rank-Size Rule
• Principal of Effort:
Konderatiev Waves
• First Wave: Industrial Revolution 1770-1815:
• Second Wave: The Steam Engine 1840-1865:
• Third Wave: Fordism 1890-1920:
• Fourth Wave: Consumer Goods 1945-1980:
• Fifth Wave: Digital Telecommunications 2000-2035:
Contemporary Urban-Economic Restructuring
• Empirical Examples:
• Amenities:
• Attracting Young Educated People:
• Recent Metropolitan Population Shifts:
Types of Urban Places
• City and Town denote nucleated settlements, multifunctional in character, including an established central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses. Towns are smaller in size and have less functions.
• Suburb denotes a subsidiary area, a specialized function segment of a large urban complex, dependent on an urban area. Suburbs can be independent political entities, as in Connecticut.
• The Central City is the part of the urban area contained within the suburban ring; it usually has official boundaries.
• An Urbanized Area is a continuously built-up landscape defined by buildings and population densities with no reference to political boundaries.
• A Metropolitan Area, on the other hand, refers to a large-scale functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas and operating as an integrated economic whole.
Introduction to Planning
The Background and Development of Planning
What is Planning?
• Preparing for the future• Dealing with problems of the past• Profession• Organized problem solving
Why do Communities Plan?
Planning as a Response to Problems of Urbanism
Urbanization and Cities
• How does the ‘human condition’ vary from…• Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Megalopolis
• What is the nature of human relationships?• How specialized is society?• What are the traits of urban/non-urban cultures?• Why does government become more important
with cities and urbanization?
The Dawn of Urbanism
• What is ‘urban’? What is a ‘city’?• Evolution Toward Urbanism
The Roman Impact• Context of an Economic/Military Empire
– Trade, Colonialism, and Wealth• Roads• Trading towns• Military settlements (castra towns)
– Urbanization and Urban Development• Massive investment in major cities • Investment in Social & Physical Infrastructure
– Innovations: The Roman Arch & Concrete• Vaulted Ceilings• Basilicas• Concrete
The Medieval Town(or Urbanism After Rome)
(400’s to 1450’s)
• What happens to the Roman cities?– Cities in an era of weak government
• Feudalism and cities• Feudalism and urban form• The Viking influence• Carcassonne as an example• Cities reflecting history & Modern Tourism
The Renaissance City(1450’s-1660’s)
• Planning and the City– Trade, Money, and Power– Changing defensive roll of the city (Vienna)
• Gunpowder• Rapid urbanization
– Grid patterns reintroduced– Public spaces an city life-squares, piazzas,
etc.• Practical uses• Symbolic uses
The Baroque Period(1660’s to 1720’s)
• Context– Empires, Monarchies– Early Colonialism and its financial influences– City as home to the wealthy
• ‘Formal’ Cities– Elements– Versailles & Paris as model
• Who cares?– Impact on the communities of the western hemisphere– Baroque planning and capital cities
Origins of Industrial Urbanism
In Review from Last Time
• Planning as a way to improve our lives• Planning becomes more important when we live
in cities• Evolution of Cities/Planning
– What were cities like prior to the 1800– What was planning like prior to 1800– Rural ideal in U.S.
• Rebirth of capitalism & its urban influence
Early ‘Urban America’• The 1st American cities
– European Traditions• New England, New Amsterdam & village tradition• Tidewater and the ‘Town Acts’• The Carolinas/Georgia & Renaissance Style• L’Enfant-Washington DC & Baroque Style
– The Economics of Transporting Goods• In 1690 only 10% of the population was urban• Resource Exploitation and Trade• Population lived in small coastal/river valley villages
Urbanizing America after the Revolutionary War
• The Revolutionary War and its Impacts• In 1800 only 6% of the population was urban• In 1800 85-90% of the labor force were farming• Only 24 communities with over 2500 inhabitants• NYC had 100,000 residents in 1800
• Stabilizing the frontier• Expansion of the frontier• Trading routes into the interior• Growing population providing markets for rural products• Relative drop in urban population
What happens in the 1800’s• The frontier becomes more distant & less appealing
– The topography of the new frontier– Conditions on the frontier
• Massive immigration– many East Coast cities top 100,000– NYC 100,000 in 1800, over 2,000,00 by 1880
• Technology Change & Urban Growth– Water power to steam– Trains– Elevators and steel
• The Industrial and Urban Revolutions
An Industrial Utopia?
The Evolution to IndustrialismCreation of an Urban America
• Industrialization • Crowding (Over) of the Central Cities• Closing of the frontier• Massive immigration & migration• The Railroad Flat & the Tenement• Problems of Sanitation & Health• Problems of Urban Unrest
Impacts of Industrialization• Industrialism Defined
– Craft– Manufacturing– The move to the city
• Positive– Economic Growth– Job Creation– Material Production– Wealth Creation
– Upton Sinclair ‘The Jungle’ (1905)– William Booth
• Poverty Surveys• The Salvation Army• Whitechapel
Conditions in the Industrial City
BAD
What to do about the Problem?• Zoning and the Public Health Movement
– Regulations to benefit the human condition
• New Towns, Garden Cities, & Streetcar Suburbs– Bring housing to nature or start from scratch
• The City Beautiful and City Planning– The first generation of urban renewal
• Cities as unhealthy places– Massive migration/immigration/population growth– Industrial Impacts– ‘The Great Stink’, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Alcoholism….
• Alcoholism, distillation & the Temperance Movement
• Some good things to know– Housing sanitation-NYC Tenement Law of 1867– Housing safety-NYC Tenement Law of 1901
• The ‘Dumbell’ Tenement– Parks movement & F.L. Olmsted
• Central Park (1866) Fenway (1880) Stanley Quarter Park– 1st Regulations against noxious uses in cities
Public Health Movement
• Ebeneezer Howard ‘Garden Cities of Tomorrow’– Anti urban ‘satellite’ cities (village life as ideal)– http://www.rickmansworthherts.freeserve.co.uk/howard1.htm
• Some good things to know….– Small self-supporting communities– Limited population– Greenbelts and open space– Letchworth, Welwyn, Hampstead G.S.– Columbia, MD
• Leads to New Towns Movement in the U.S.• ‘Satellite’ cities in U.S.S.R
Garden Cities
• Big Projects as catalyst for growth & civic pride– See Adriaen’s Landing, Radio City, the Big Dig…
• Some good things to know…– The Columbian Exposition of 1893 ‘White City’
• http://www.chicagohs.org/history/expo/map.html
– Daniel Burnham’s Plan for Chicago (1909)• “Make no little plans they have no magic to stir men’s
blood…”– 1ST PLANNING COMMISSION-Hartford in 1907
• What they learned– Beautification and adornment (at huge costs) had limited
practicality for most cities. Hmmmm…
The City Beautiful
Planning and UrbanismBetween the Wars
Planning in the 20’s and 30’s
• Planning and the Car• Planning and Architecture• Planning and Economic Development• Regional Planning• Planning Regulations• Planning and the Courts
Architects & the ‘Modern’ City
• Industrial age urban constructs• The Progressive Movement
– The ‘Modern’ context– 20th Century Architecture
• The Culturalists / Romanticists– The ‘Traditional’ context– Achitectural inspirations from the past
The Culturalists
• Drawing from tradition– Evolving from the public health movement
• Garden Cities & Ebenezer Howard• City Beautiful & Burnham
– Nostalgic– Inspired by our cultural heritage– Criticizes current situation in light of the past– Work with and/or add to existing urban context
The Progressives
• Breaking from tradition– Evolving from the public health movement
BUT
– Future oriented– Inspired by vision of social progress– Revolutionary visions– Breaks with the existing urban context
– Progressive evolves into ‘Modernism’
ModernismModernism is a reaction against the crisis of urban disorder, impoverishment, congestion and anarchy
through the imposition of rational order.
• Modern=Rational & efficient. Machine as metaphor.– The city is the factory of modern life– The machine is our medium of modern design– The house is a machine for modern living
– Home is nothing more than a factory for the production of happiness (Good Housekeeping, 1910)
Modernists…• Modernists think…
– Large scale, metropolitan wide, rational, efficient, functionalist (form follows function), organized, and monumental
• Modernists are trying to come to grips with…– Explosive urban growth, industrialization, rural to urban
migration, failing urban health, social uprisings, and the ‘despair of the cities’
• You may be a modernist if you like…– 1970’s architecture, minimalism, multi-purpose sports stadiums
(with the old kind of artificial turf), glass box architecture, or anything from IKEA.
Divergent trends in Modernism• Arts & Crafts-Frank Lloyd Wright• Futurist-Walter Gropius & Tony Garnier
• Why should we care…– Dominated architecture into the late 1980’s
Utopianism and Planning• What is Utopia?• Utopia as a concept in writing, design, thinking• The Culturalist / Romantic Utopia• The Progressive/Modernist Utopia
• What would we do with a blank slate?• Is one man’s utopia another man’s hell?
Post-War Urbanism and Planning
Putting Modernism to Work• Housing
– Modernist attempts at housing– Different European contexts– The U.S.?
• Garden Cities & New Towns– 1920’s and 1930’s– Unwin and the ‘Greenbelt’ towns, Radburn N.J.– Modern versions of garden cities.
Modernism and the State
• Modernism and Fascism
• Modernism and Socialism
Planning & the Great Depression• Boom to Bust in the U.S. Economy• Planning Impacts (the New Deal)
– Economic Development Planning– Environmental Conservation– Early Urban Renewal– Lots of housing legislation– Finance Programs– First Efforts at Highway Planning (parkways)– First Efforts at Regional Planning
• Evolutionary track of regulations• Milestones
– First city plan (Cleveland 1903)– First state ‘enabling legislation’ (WI 1909)– First city-wide zoning ‘code’ (LA 1909)– Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1922)– Cincy adopts 1st comprehensive plan (1925)– Euclid vs. Ambler Realty (1926)– Standard City Planning Enable Act (1928)
Regulatory Planning
Planning & the Post War Period• Building on foundations of the 1930’s+• Growing car ownership +• Population growth & the Baby Boomers +• Urban Renewal and Economic Growth +• Highway Planning and the Suburb +• Growth in home ownership =
The 1960’s City
The Car and the City
• Growing automobile ownership• Benefits of the car vs. mass transit• Problems of the car vs. mass transit• Land use impacts of the car• Planning impacts of the car• The car and the suburbs
(See highway impacts)
The ‘Baby Boom’ & Housing Changes
• The Baby Boom– Post-war fertility and birth rate growth– Short and long term effects
• Post War Housing– FHA & VA loan programs– Single family housing dominates– Levittown– Move up markets grow– Changes in who owns homes
Economic Growth•The Post-War Economic Boom
–The U.S. Position after WWII–Devastation in Europe–The lack of competition
• Impacts• Urban Renewal, Housing, Public Housing• Problems
– Negatives– Costs– Ambitions– Economic downturns
The Coming of the Highway
• Parkways• Highways• Justification/funding for highways• Construction of the highways• Impacts of highways between cities• Impacts of highways within cities
The 1960’s City and Beyond
The Urban Crisis• What was it?• The causes
– The world catches up– Industry moves out– Out-migration and urban poverty
• The taxation crisis• Declining urban environment• Racially/ethnically biased practices
• Catalysts– The Vietnam War– The assassinations of JFK & MLK
Children of the 1960’s
• Public awareness of the problem• Responses to the Urban Crisis
– Grassroots Planning• Civil rights• Advocacy & Non profits
– Environmental Planning• The Media & ‘Silent Spring’• Federal Government Actions
– Regional Planning
The Reagan Legacy• Limiting Federal Involvement
– Big government ‘slims’ down• Independent Communities
– Home rule not regions• Funds and not Structures
– Grant programs• Planning for Economics
– Growth pole economics• NIMBYism
The Shape of the Modern Metropolis
• The sections of the modern metropolis– Inner cities– Inner suburbs– Fringe suburbs– Urban realms
• Outside the metropolis– Small cities– Rural towns
What are their conditions, problems, goals?
Planning and your home town.
• What is your hometown?• What do you like about your home town?• What do you dislike about your home town?
• For those things that you like….How did they happen?
• For those things that you dislike….How do you fix them?
Planning and the Law
How does government get us to do what it wants us to do?
• Regulations• Rewards• Advising
• How does each work?
Planning as Regulation
• Planning as a Police Power– Public Interest– Public Health, Safety, and Welfare – Public Participation
(These give government authority over us and the authority to create laws)
– Legal Precedent
• Enabling Legislation• Statutory Laws
Vs.
• Case Law
• Enabling Legislation– Basis– Terms Defined– Powers Established– Responsibilities Defined– Links to other Statutes– Administration
The Creation of Law
Advancement of Government Power
• How did government power advance during the 20th Century?
– Power to Control Land Use (late 1800’s)– Power to Plan (1920’s)– Economic Development & Housing (1930’s)– Civil Rights Powers (1950’s/1960’s)– Environmental Preservation (1960’s/1970’s)– Land Rights (1990’s)
What Empowers Government?What Limits Government?
• Enabling Legislation/Statutory Laws• Case Law
(Both empower and limit)vs.
• The Constitution (limits)– Amendment 1– Amendment 5– Amendment 14
Why single out the 5th Amendment?
• Planning today deals extensively with property (mostly land) issues.
– The ownership of property– The use of property– The value of property
Why is land such an issue?
• Control/direct development– How, when public only owns about 10% of the land?
• Preserve/improve community character– How do you preserve/improve what you don’t own?
• Protect/conserve the environment– How, when most of the property is privately owned?
• Benefit the health & welfare of residents– How does your community generate revenues?– How does your community generate additional revenues?
LAND as PropertyLAND as Rights
• Land Rights and the Cone of Ownership
• Surface Rights• Subsurface Rights• Supersurface Rights• Right of Access• Boundary
• Location• Quality of the land• Quality of associated resources
(unlimited use, reasonable use, use rights)• What is on the land• For what is the land useful• How the land is used• Regulations affecting the land
• Land Value and Takings
Land, Law, and ‘Takings’
• 5th Amendment and Property Seizure• Eminent Domain and Condemnation• The Concept of a Taking• The Concept of Rational Nexus
Planning and the 1st Amendment
• When is a sign protected by it?• When isn’t a sign protected by it?• Does regulating a place of worship conflict
with it?• Does regulating adult entertainment
conflict with it?
Government, the Law, and Ethics
Why do ethics matter in a discussion of government powers?
The 14th Amendment
14th Amendment & Town Plans
• A town plan presents the community’s goals. It indicates what is in the ‘best interest’ of the community.
• Planning is meant to make those goals a reality.
• How can you use the tools of planning without having a plan to justify them?
What makes planning political?
• Who benefits from planning?• Who pays for planning?
Town Plans
What empowers local planning?
ACTUALLY HAVING A PLAN
• Need a reason to use the tools• Need a goal for use of the of the tools• A plan may be needed or required in order to justify
public expenditures
The Types of Plans
• Branch Planning• Area Planning
– What are they?– Examples– What are their Pro’s and Con’s?– Who does them?– Why do they do them?
Comprehensive PlansPlan of Development
• Comprehensive Plan– Definition– Requirements for Success – In Connecticut (Plans of Development)– Empowered by CT State Statutes– 10 year planning ‘windows’
Comprehensive Planning Leads to….
• If you have a comprehensive plan then you have empowered…
– Site Planning– Departmental Planning– Capital Improvements Planning– Zoning– Subdivision Regulations– Historic District Regulations– Etc. Etc. Etc.
• These can be used to put the plan into effect
The ‘Rational’ Planning MethodProblems--Plans--Actions--Results
• What’s the problem?• How do you know?• What are our goals?• Where are we now?• What are our limits?• What are our resources• Where are we going?
Social Issues in Planning:The Public Facilities Example
Social Issues?
• To what extent are community problems a social issue?• To what extent are community amenities a social issue?• To what extent are social issues solved through social
services?• To what extent are social issues solved through
development (land or facilities)?
Why Facilities?
• What are the advantages of using facilities as the basis for solving social problems?
• What are the disadvantages of using facilities as the basis for solving social problems?
Facility Planning Goals
• Public Facilities should add to the quality of life in the community
• Public Facilities should meet the current and future needs of the community
Facilities Planning Basics
• Facility Need (performance standards)• Facility Design (architectural/design standards)• Facility Location (distribution standards)• Facility Alternatives• Facility Selection• Implementing (and how to pay for it)
• Facilities (structures) not Services
Some things are just good for you whether you like it or not.
• NIMBY’s• LULU’s
– How to deal with NIMBY’s– Judging the potential problems
Campus Facilities Planning
• What kinds of facilities are we talking about?
• Complexity of Task– Determining Need– Structural Needs– Location Requirements (economies of scale)– Location vs. Efficiency (human vs. capital)– Political Issues
Public Response to Facilities and Service Providers
• Based on client characteristics• Based on the characteristics of the facility
– Type– Size– Number– Reputation– Appearance
• Characteristics of the host community• Distance to the facility• Number/type of alternatives
How do you measure the costs?
• Are services/service facilities worth the money?• Cost issues-How do we measure costs?
How does your town pay for its Services, Service Facilities?
• Current Revenue• Reserve Funds• General Obligation Bonds• Revenue Bonds• Special Assessments• Special Districts• Tax Increment Financing (TIF)
• Can these be used for services?
Land Use/Development Planning
The Land Component of Comprehensive Planning
• Tools of Comprehensive Planning• Goals
– Avoid adversarial uses– Promote complementary uses– Improve the ‘look’ of a community– Promote efficient use of land– Minimize public costs– Increase public revenues– Promote social equity– Protect the public health, safety, and welfare
Zoning
Tools for Controlling Land Use• Zoning Basics
– ‘By right’ and permitted uses– Conditionally or special permit uses– Non-permitted uses– Bulk/density limitations– Accessory uses vs. Accessory buildings– Performance Standards– Hierarchies vs. Exclusivity in zoning– Overlay zoning– Variances
http://www.washingtonct.org/zoning.pdf
Fine Tuning Zoning• Downtowns
http://www.pbase.com/image/4458987 or http://www.pbase.com/image/21440863
– Bonus zoning– FAR
http://www.dutchess29.org/figures/f9.1w.jpg
• The problems of mixed use– Planned unit developments
• What is it?• Who does it?• Why is historic preservation legal?• What is worth preserving and why?• Why should we care about preservation?• The National Trust for Historic Preservation
http://www.nthp.org/index.html
Historic Preservation Myths & Realities
• It is only for major buildings linked to famous people• Preservation is too expensive• It costs people the rights to their property • Listed houses are safe from demolition• It is bad for business• It only cares about the past
Historic Preservation: The New Orleans Example
• Vieux Carre Commission (The French Quarter)• The Historic District Landmarks Commission (for areas
outside the French Quarter)• Preservation Resource Center of New Orleans• New Orleans Planning Commission• U.N.O.’s H.P. Program
Why preserve?Preserve from what?
• Protect historic properties• Development incentive• Stabilize property values• Control new development• Public relations
– Zoning– Building codes– Historic/design district
regulations– Certificates of
Appropriateness
Development of a Historic District in CT
• Process– Create Historic District
Commission– Decide what is historic– Establish district boundaries– Classify properties as historic,
non-historic, intrusive
• Considerations– History of structure, site, and
occupants– Architectural compatibility– Landscaping and street furniture– Parking, sidewalks, public
spaces, signs, etc.
WHY?WHY?
Land Use Planning Tools
• Campus walk and zoning examples• http://www.new-britain.net/PDF/NBZoneMap2006.pdf
• Site plans• Subdivision regulations• Other land use planning tools
• Test Discussion
Tools for Controlling Land Development
• Development—Building—NOT USE!!!
• Site Plans• http://www.ci.yelm.wa.us/cdd/walmart/walmart.html
• Subdivision Regulations– Land Division– Preparation for building/use– Benefits for town, developer, buyer
• Impact and Development Fees-Exactions• Environmental Regulations
Introduction to Planning
Part 3: The Fields of Planning
Urban Design
Urban Design
• Physical Structures…
– can add to the quality/character of communities.– can be catalysts for growth and change.– can have significant visual impacts.
There is a physical and psychological relationship between people and the built environment which
can be improved.
The Designer’s Perspective• Physical Structures
– should be Functional– should be Humane– should be Organized– should reflect accepted standards of Form
• THESE CAN & DO CONFLICT
“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”
Seven Urban Design Themes
• Location -Placement within community• Form -Size/Height/Bulk• Scale -Fit or proportion• Use -Activities• Time -Timing of Use• Movement -Modes/Routes of…• Signature -Identifiers & unique items
Urban Design Stakeholders
• Government Officials• Neighbors• Users• Builders• Architects/Designers• Owners
How Urban Design is Done
• Regulatory Controls– Review Boards/Public input– Building Codes– Special Districts/Overlay Zoning/Bonus Zoning– Historic Preservation– Performance Standards
• Incentives– Monetary– Administrative & Technical Support
Redefining Urban Design In America
• The Big Dig• http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/index.html
• The WTC• http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/Sept_2003_refined_design.asp
• New Urbanism• http://www.civitasinc.com/downloads/NewUrbanism.pdf
Aesthetics
• Aesthetics Basics • Berman v. Parker• Appearance as an ‘amenity’• Aesthetics and Building Design
– Remember bonus/incentive zoning?– Design Review boards– Village Design Districts
Aesthetics and Signs• Signs and the First Amendment• Signs and Business• Aesthetics, billboards, & highway signage
– Limiting Regulations– Eliminating Regulations– Skirting the Law– When is a billboard art? (http://www.siboliban.org/bio2/boondocks.html)
– Neighborhood value cycle– The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Blight and the Inner-City Why is it a Problem?
• Neighborhood Decline (Start with out migration)– Falling land values– Rents/Sale prices fall– Landlords increase density to deal w/falling prices– Produces overcrowding & degradation of buildings– Pushes values even lower– Pushes residents away
(Starts the cycle over again)
Blight Responses
• What to do with vacant/abandon property?– Infill Housing– Homesteading– Gentrification – Incumbent Upgrading (pre-abandonment)– Shift to non-residential uses
Housing in the Inner Suburbs
• Dealing with Adversarial Land Use Combos• Coming to Grips with ‘Build Out’• Maintaining the Housing Stock
Housing on the Urban Fringe
• Placing Housing in Suitable Locations• Creating Positive Environments• Preventing Adversarial Land Use Combos• Preventing Problems with New Housing
Transportation Planning
Goals, Issues, Problems, Solutions
‘From Here to There’
Connecticut Public TelevisionThe Connecticut Experience Series
The Transportation System and its Planning
• Basic concepts– modes of transport– costs vs. benefits– link to land use
• Questions– What are you transporting?– How are you transporting it?– What facilities are involved in that form of
transportation?• The evolution of the transportation system
Goals of Transportation Planning
• Users• Community• Transportation Agencies
and Companies
• What are their GOALS?• Can you meet ALL of their
goals at the same time?
Common GoalsCommon Goalsmobility, safety, accessibility,mobility, safety, accessibility,dependability, aesthetics.dependability, aesthetics.
NonNon--Common GoalsCommon GoalsReduced travel time, costs Reduced travel time, costs (capital, operating, and user), (capital, operating, and user), pollution, economic and pollution, economic and environmentalenvironmentalimpacts.impacts.
Different Groups InvolvedDifferent Groups Involved
Major Issues in Transportation Planning
• Cars and Mass Transit– Pros and Cons
• Transportation & Economics• Transportation Subsidies• Transportation, Energy Use & Pollution• Transportation and Land Use• Transportation and Social Equity
• System Maintenance• Mode Requirements• Transportation Safety• System Policing• System Aesthetics• Traffic Misallocations
• Traffic Congestion
Traffic Congestion Problems
• Vehicles v. Capacity• Vehicles v. Time• Gridlock• Peak Load Problem• Black Hole of Highway
Investment• Transportation Systems are
Dynamic• Cumulative Causation
• New Construction• System Redesign• Mass Transit• Traffic Management• Manage and/or Modify Human
Behavior
• How do these compare for individual users, the community, and service providers?
SolutionsSolutionsBasic IssuesBasic Issues
Planning and Economic Development
PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT
• What is Economic Development?• What is the Economic Developers Role?• Why are Planning & Economic Development
Sometimes Thrown Together?• Economic Growth and Quality of Life• Business Growth and Business Types• Multiplier Effects & Value Added• ED and the Chamber of Commerce
$$$
$$$
$$$
MAKING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WORK
• Sell the Community• Build on Existing Strengths• Create New Opportunities• Develop Organizations
that can Help
The Basics• Business Attraction• Business Retention• New Business Creation• Retail and/or Industry• Bedroom Communities• Agriculture???• Retirement, Tourism & ED• Education and ED
Some Specific Strategies
Economic Development and Your Hometown
• What resources does your community have?• What liabilities does your community have?
– Fiscal– Infrastructural– Locational– Social– Environmental– Other
Tourism & Economic Development: A Planning Perspective
Development (Money, Jobs & Taxes)
The Growing Tourism Industry
• More Free Time +• More Disposable Income +• More Borrowing +• Greater World Knowledge +• Better Transportation/Housing +• World Business Expansion =
• MORE TOURISM SPENDING & REVENUE
Tourism and Development
• Multiplier Effects• Primary Business/Sources of Income• Secondary Business/Sources of Income• Distribution of Impacts• Impact in the Developing World• Impact Compared to Raw Material Exports
Tourism and Planning
• Goals of Planning-Primary– People and Revenues
• Goals of Planning-Secondary– Spread the Wealth– Protecting the Environment: Tourist Perspective– Protecting the Environment: Local Perspective– Sustainability
Issues for Planners Dealing with Tourism
• Lack of Experience• Process Complexity• Matching Markets and Products• Market Change• Seasonality• Taking the Good with the Bad
Two Examples of Planning for Tourism
• Lake Havasu City– http://golakehavasu.com/– http://www.ci.lake-havasu-city.az.us/
• Providing Attractive Urban Alternatives– Promoting Infill Development– Increasing the Attraction of the Central City– Urban Renewal as a Catalyst
Urban Renewal and Sprawl
• Urban Renewal as a Catalyst• Infrastructure Improvements• Facility Improvements• Beautification• Creating Central City Residential Focus
Growth Management‘Smart Growth’
• Contain sprawl & save open space• Create sustainable urban systems• Efficiently re-use urban lands• Change attitudes toward growth
– Location– Timing– Cost
• Utilize best development practices
Growth Management Models
• Hawaii– Regionalism & growth management
• Vermont– Growth management & new urbanism
• Oregon‘Saving American Cities by Design’
Portland, Oregon
Environmental Planning
Environmental Planning:Basics
• Regulate how we impact the environment• Regulate how environment impacts us• Environment as a commodity• Environment as a resource• How we manage the environment• How we mismanage the environment
Environmental Planning:Purposes of...
• Protecting the environment from people– Environmental Protection
• Managing the environment for people– Environmental Conservation
• Protecting people from the environment– Environmental Hazards
Goals of Environmental Planning
• Minimize use of non-renewable resources• Properly manage, replenish, and/or recycle renewable
• How do we solve the problem? • Whose problem is it?
Hazards Planning
• Protecting the Public Health/Safety/Welfare• Important Concepts
– Area of Impact– Recurrence Interval– Magnitude
• Know the Hazards– How do they work?– What causes them?– How do they cause damage?
Hazards Planning Process
– Identify Potential Hazards– Determine how hazard affects H/S/W– Determine the area of potential impact– Identify Means of Lessening impact to H/S/W– Determine the Recurrence Intervals– Determine the Magnitudes– Decide on appropriate hazards strategy
EHP and Hurricanes• How does a hurricane function?
• How do hurricanes cause damage?– http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/intro.shtml
• What is the area that they will affect?– http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/basics/climo.shtml– http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml
• How will different areas be affected?– Connecticut vs. …
• Hurricane Recurrence intervals and magnitudes– http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/basics/return.shtml
Environmental Planningin New Orleans
• Preservation• Conservation• Hazards
Planning and Action
• How can hurricane damage be prevented?– Storm surge– Wind damage & tornadoes– Flooding
• What is an appropriate course of action?– For you– For government
Follow Up to the Hazards Stuff
• Personal Responses to Hazards– Migration– Evacuation– Insurance– Hazards ‘proofing’
Introduction to Planning
Part 4: National Planning
National Planning in the U.S.
•••••
Get the Picture?
The Reality of U.S. National Planning
• Branch/Sector Planning
The State, The Feds, and Housing
• Low Income Housing• Housing & Economic Development• Loan Programs• Source of Funding & Rules
Federal & State Government “Priming the Pump”
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Federal Involvement in Housing
• Evolving toward a ‘hands off’ policy• Post-War Loan Programs• Public Housing• Urban Renewal-Intentions, Focus, Results• Community Development Funding
– 1974 Housing & Community Development Act– Community Development Block Grants (CDBG)
National Planning Outside the U.S.
• Key issues in how other countries plan…– Geography– History– Political Systems
National Planning Example: Sprawl & Why Other Countries
Don’t Have It• Over-bounded Cities• European & Former Communist Countries
– Growth Controls– Social Importance of Inner City Locations– Investment Traditions– Quality of Residences
• Less Developed Countries (LDC’s)– Items 2 & 3 above– Inner City Infrastructure– Transportation Problems
Anti-Suburbanization Issues
• Demand stays high for inner city locations.• Prices are inflated in inner city locations.• Public investment is in the inner city
(less automobile-oriented investment).• Access to the suburbs is oriented toward middle
to low-income consumers.• Squatter Housing on the fringe (LDC’s)
