Introduction to some of CSIRO’s capabilities related to “Underground Science”.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Australia
Keith Leslie:I-DUST 9th-11th June 2010.
CSIRO – A Multi-Discipline Science Organisation
• Delivering leading edge technology into agriculture, minerals, energy, manufacturing, health, environment and ICT
• Over 6,000 staff
• 1,800 PhDs
• 450 MScs
Timor SeaGas
CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
• 30% external funding
Content
• Superconductivity
• Petroleum Geophysics
• Wave Physics
• Fluid Flow
• Hydro-geological mapping
History of CSIRO in Superconductivity
• Australian National Standards Laboratory• Temperature Standards• Cryogenics & Low Temperature Physics• Josephson Voltage Standard• Superconducting Current Comparator
(Invented , now world practice)(Invented , now world practice)
• Millimetre Wave devices (for radio telescopes)
• Biomagnetism (Magnetoencephalography)
High Temperature SuperconductivitySQUIDs - Junction Technology
Meissner effect
CSIRO Patented HTS Josephson Junction
Physical Width ~ 1 µm
Actual Junction ~ 1-2 nm
Superconducting QUantum Interference Device(SQUID).
Meissner effect
~ 5 µφ0 / √Hz
~ 50 fT / √Hz
Superconductor Capability: SydneyCurrently Offers:
• High sensitivity HTS vector magnetometers
• High sensitivity HTS magnetic gradiometers
CSIRO.
• Magnetic source localisation algorithms
• Novel new HTS devices: e.g. rf mixers & oscillators
Active SystemTransient Electromagnetics (TEM)
conductorDecaying eddy currentDecaying eddy current
Rate of decay is directly
related to the conductivity
of the target
SQUID Applications: Geophysics
• Most “world class” mineral deposits at depths < 400m already discovered..
• Lower Grades of remaining known deposits is driving minerals exploration search deeper
• Australian deposits are hidden below “featureless” conductive overburden
• Two types of magnetic target detection – “active” TDEM and “passive”.
Typical WA terrain
Important Maxim
• “Never use a SQUID when another device will do the job…” Harold Weinstock
Shielded operation
Shielded operation
100
101
102
103
100
101
102
103Hall Sensor
Magnetoresistive
Mag
netic
fiel
d no
ise
[nT
/ √H
z]
1 10 10010-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
10
1 10 10010-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
10
LTS-SQUID (T= 4K)
Fluxgate
HTS-SQUID (T=77K)
Magnetoresistive Sensors
Mag
netic
fiel
d no
ise
[
Frequency [Hz]
10p
100p
1nN
oise
(T
esla
/ ro
ot H
z) Bartington MAG-03MC70 Flux Gate (measured while inside 4 layers of mumetal shielding)
CSIRO rf SQUID (operating unshielded in Earth's Field, WA trials, October 2000).
Inferred measurements of Geomagnetic noise based on published work [3].
Cape Otway - August 1982
Darwin - November 1982
Know your noise and signal band
100m 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k10f
100f
1p
10p
Noi
se (
Tes
la /
root
Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
fluxgates
HTS SQUIDs
Know your Noise:Vertical Component vs Horizontal Component
1p
10p
Noi
se (
T /
Hz)
Horizontal Vertical
1 10 100 1000 10000 10000010f
100fNoi
se (
T /
Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
SQUIDs are sensitivity to Wind Induced Noise – so shielding required
4400 4600 4800 5000 5200
10p
100p
1n
10n
SQ
UID
Z-a
xis
(Tes
la)
Station North (m)
Primary Pulse Channel 29 Channel 36
1992-1993First HTS Ground-based Surveys with BHPB
1994-1997“Airborne System” BHPB
1999-2001Prototype unitFalconbridge/Crone
2002-2004
Evolution of a HTS SQUID- based
Geophysical Prospecting Tool: LANDTEM
2002-2004LANDTEMTM licensed toOuter-Rim Exploration Services
Geophysics – LANDTEM 77 K
LANDTEM – Geophysical Prospecting tool used to locate US$6 Billion worth of minerals.(independent valuation in 2007 by Condor Consulting of Xstrata’s Raglan mining operation).
- Commercial success 2006 - now used on 4 continents- Product the Winner of a 2007 CSIRO Medal for “Research Achievement”
CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- In 2006, mentioned in Physics Nature by John Clarke as a success story for HTS superconductors.
SQUID Applications: Metal-in-Food
Noise limit is “cultural”, e.g. power supply, fork lift trucks….
- screened via mumetal (three layers was insufficient)- bandwidth of signals (0.1 to 10 Hz) means low frequency noise important
- cross-correlation techniques used to suppress noise signals- Current development halted due to GFC- Current development halted due to GFC
Magnetic Field Data
Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI)• Can detect but not locate or classify.• Can calculate gradients if data is densely sampled and low noise.• Magnetic moment is very inaccurate.
Magnetic Vectors
OCEANS'10
• Measures the vector directly.• Better magnetic moment estimate, if no noise.• Very noisy in use due to motion in geomagnetic field.
Magnetic Tensor Gradiometry• Measures magnetic gradient directly.• Most accurate magnetic moment estimate. • Fewer survey lines required.
Magnetic Gradiometry:Magnetic Anomaly Detection
- Passive Targets
• Detection of targets from a moving platform and in a “noisy environment”.
• E.g.s• E.g.s(a)Detection of Submarines in
“Littoral Battlespace” (shallow waters).
(b)Geophysical targets (varying from kimberlite-pipes to banded iron formation - both having very different spatial wavelengths).
Magnetic Tensor Gradiometer
∂∂∂∂
∂∂
∂∂
∂∂
∂∂
∂∂
∂
BBBz
B
y
B
x
Bz
B
y
B
x
B
yyy
xxx
CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
Earth’s Field Common Mode requires CMRR of parts in 108.CSIRO has focussed on HTS technologyTwo types – planar and axial based on superconductor tape
∂∂
∂∂
∂∂
z
B
y
B
x
B zzz
Rotating Gradiometer:Common Mode rejection via frequency separation
m
B
p1
AL
p1
t
mA , Lx
x
Z'
Y'X'
(a)
24
l
(c)
r r = 11.5b
12 3
8
6
A , L
i
m
i
p2
p2AL
shieldz'
5 3
16 12
(b)
Unconventional gradiometer Based on Flexible tapes
+−
++++
= )2sin(B)2cos(2
BB)sin(B)cos(B
2
BB C V xy
yyxxyx
yyxx θθθθ
Rotating Gradiometer
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250-200 -100 0 100 200
Gra
dien
t (nT
/m)
Flight #38 (MB#)20 m offsetFlight Height ~ 11 m
Natasha Bxy
Tanya Bxy
Natasha Bxx
- Byy
Tanya Bxx
- Byy
Distance along Flight Path (m)
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Time (seconds)
22 24 26-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5-240 -220 -200 -180 -160 -140
Gra
dien
t (nT
/m)
Time (seconds)
Flight #38 (MB#)20 m offsetFlight Height ~ 11 m
Natasha Bxy
Tanya Bxy
Natasha Bxx
- Byy
Tanya Bxx
- Byy
Distance along Flight Path (m)
Results “rich” in information.
HTS Planar Gradiometers
SQUID20 mm x 40 mm : 8 mm x 3 mm
Superconducting Pick up loops
• For a uniform field, the current in the track coupled to SQUID is zero. • For gradient field, mismatch in summation of shielding currents leads to SQUID signal
CSIRO have flip-chipped an HTS antenna to increase effective volume.
Planar HTS GradiometersNoise Performance
10000
100000
1000000
(fT
cm
-1 H
z-1/2
)
Readout Gradiometer
Flip-chip Gradiometer d < 50 um
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)
Gra
dien
t S
G-1
/2 (f
T c
m
19.5 X improvement in gradient sensitivity
Pyramidal Prism
• The tensor gradiometer has an array of six planar SQUID gradiometers on the slant faces of hexagonal pyramid.
• Using more than five planar gradiometers provides data redundancy.
• Each face has a SQUID magnetometer which is used to compensate for the common mode signals in the gradiometer.
PlanarSQUID
Gradiometer
SQUID Magnetometer
Underwater UXO detector
Collaborative project with SkyResearch / U.S. SERDP Funded.
Mathematical Modelling:
Target Detection, Location and Classification
Gradient tensor gives DLC from a few isolated
measurements in vicinity of target
Detection
Location
Magnetic moment vector
Gradient tensor profile
Advanced signal processing of profile data
improves accuracy and precision of solutions
May be possible to reduce geological noise…
Novel Sensors (1): HTS THz detectors
• THz loosely defined as 400 GHz to > 1.2 THz.
• Superconductor sensors offer wideband capability.
• Both imaging and spectrometer • Both imaging and spectrometer applications
THz wavelength transmission image of a leaf at 600 GHz.
Novel Detectors(2): LTS nanoSQUIDs
• Transition Edge Detector for single photon and macromolecule detection
• Absorber• Isolated• Low thermal mass• Strongly coupled to nanoSQUID• Incoming particle → transient• Incoming particle → transient• Sensitivity of 10-25 J/Hz
200 nm
GPR & Landmines
The Problem CSIRO 1.2 GHz wideband GPR
Bandwidth: ~ 400 MHz to 2 GHz.
GPR offers a partial solution for locating landmines.Current efforts are focussed on the use of GPR to complement TDEM detection systems.
CSIRO Earth Science and Resource EngineeringPetroleum Geoscience Capability
CSIRO Petroleum Geophysics Capabilities
Petroleum Geoscience Capability
Dave DewhurstResearch Programme Leader - Perth
June 2010
Structural Geology and Reservoir Modelling
• Assets• Seismic interpretation packages.• Flow modelling:• Large scale experimental deformation and geomechanics equipment• Microscopy, CT, SEM
• Applications/Projects:• Applications/Projects:• TURI – the impact / interaction of faults in turbidite reservoirs• IPETS – Predicting regional scale hydrocarbon loss/preservation due to
fault reactivation, coupled deformation and fluid flow modelling & the hydrodynamic impact on fault seal calibration
• Geological storage of CO2
Petrophysics Group: Advanced Rock Properties
1. NMR spectroscopy• Nuclear level spin behaviour used to track
molecular mobility, pore structure properties• Used to characterise shale behaviour
2. Advanced Electrical Properties• mHz to GHz, including dielectrics. • Tool for predicting physical properties, e.g. • Tool for predicting physical properties, e.g.
seismic velocities and compressive strength.
3. Porosity and Permeability• Coretest AP608 automated system
4. Coreflooding systems• With x-ray CT and micro-CT imaging
Rock Mechanics Group
• 11 Staff, Skills:• Geology• Civil Engineering• Rock and Soil Mechanics• Rock Physics• Clays and Shales• Optical/Scanning Electron Microscopy• Rock Properties
• Facilities• 10 testing rigs• Up to 300 MPa CP• Up to 70 MPa PP• Up to 200˚C• Ultrasonics• HPHT Rig with ultrasonics
and AE• Rock Properties• Structural Geology• Instrumentation• Design and manufacture
and AE
• Track record
• 20 years+ R&D to industry
• Strong publication record
• Strong synergy with petrophysics laboratory
• International links in industry and academia
Rock Mechanics Group: Equipment
CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
CO2 Capability
• Wide range of capability deployed to geological CO2 storage• Otway Project in Southern Australia.
• Hydrodynamics and Geochemistry• Sedimentology and Stratigraphy• Structural Geology and Fault Seal Analysis• Rock Mechanics• Geomechanics• Geomechanics• Rock Physics• Geophysics• Gas Geochemistry• Organic Geochemistry• Petroleum Engineering• Numerical Modelling
Involvement in Operating Storage Demos
Weyburn
Frio I & II
Sleipner
Recopol
In Salah
Otway
Wave Physics: MelbourneX-ray Micro-tomography
3D imaging of water/air meniscus in sand column.
Oil extraction
3D imaging of wood micro-structure
.
3D imaging of encapsulated
particles in self healing-polymers
Study of porosity in gas separation membranes with anomalously high diffusion rate
CMSE Wave Physics Group: InstrumentationAdvanced XRF Detector System
New bright sources
Ultra-high resolution x-ray spots (<100 nm)(from advanced nanolithography)
→ Current detectors inadequate
Collaboration:
NSLS: needs of planned NSLS-II very bright sourceBNL: Si detectors and ASICS
AS: very bright x-ray source now
CSIROE&M : analysis algorithms
CMSE: intelligent sensing: highly parallel high speed real-time data analysis
Fe Fe
Partially funded by ARC LIEF in partnership with AS,Uni. Melb & Adelaide
Fluid Dynamics:Sub-surface Mixing
CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
Mineral Extraction without “mining”
Geothermal
CO2 sequestration
Fluid Dynamics:Enthalphy Extraction (Activate Entire Reservoir)
Steady Unsteady
Trapping Sub-Surface Fluid(Metcalfe et al, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 2010, Lester et al, Phys. Rev. E, 2009, 2010)
Experiment:
Computation:
Down Bore Hole Robot
Geophysics: Airborne EM for groundwater mapping
extent and thickness of
Basin/aquifer geometry
Source: EPNRM
extent and thickness of freshwater lens systems & the extent of groundwater salinity
Understanding of seawater-groundwaterinterface
2005: 02005: 0--2m 2m 2008: 02008: 0--2m 2m
Spatio-temporal monitoring of floodplains after artificial recharge: Andrew Fitzpatrick
Magnetic resonance sounding
• Used to define porosity and hydraulic conductivity
sand
Inversion ModelPorosity variation
sstone
sand
silt
claysstone
clay
sstone
clay
NMR Signal
Water Content
• Australia has 20 000 km of coastline to survey and monitor
• Need for rapid bathymetry of large areas
• Much of coast is turbid water, precluding other tec hniques
Wave Physics: Optical / Acoustic Instrumentation –Optical Acoustic Underwater Remote Sensing (OAURS)
Challenges• Laser – surface
interaction• Dynamics of • Dynamics of
water surface –interferometry from“glints”
• Modulation/demodulation
• Signal detectability
On-going development
Contacts
Superconductivity: [email protected]
Petroleum Geophysics: [email protected]
Micro-tomography: [email protected]
Fluid Flow: [email protected] Flow: [email protected]
Hydro-geophysics: [email protected]
OAURS: [email protected]
Down-hole robot: [email protected]
GPR: chris.lewis@csiro .au or [email protected]
Acknowledgements: CSIRO Colleagues
CSIRO has the capabilities to tackle large projects requiring a
multi-disciplined team.