Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Introduction to Space Life Support• Overview of life support systems• Milestones in life support systems design• Major requirements• Case Study: International Space Station
1
© 2011 David L. Akin - All rights reservedhttp://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores
Humans
2
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores
AtmosphereManagement
HygieneFacilities
WaterManagement
FoodPreparation
WasteManagement
Humans
3
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores
AtmosphereManagement
HygieneFacilities
WaterManagement
FoodPreparation
WasteManagement
Humans
4
O2 Reclamation
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Life Support Block DiagramO2CO2WaterNutrientsWasteStores
AtmosphereManagement
HygieneFacilities
WaterManagement
FoodPreparation
WasteManagement
Humans
5
Plants &Animals
O2 Reclamation
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Essentials of Life Support• Air
– Constituent control• CO2 scrubbing• Humidity control• Particulate scrubbing• O2, N2 makeup
– Temperature control• Water• Food• Waste Management
6
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Human Metabolic Inputs and Outputs
7
from Jones, “Design Rules for Space Life Support Systems” SAE 2003-01-2356, July 2003
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Oxygen Requirements
8
from Lange et. al., “Advanced Life Support Requirements Document” JSC-38571B, Sept. 2002
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Water Requirements• Potable water - 2 L/crew-day (2 kg/crew-day)• Hygiene water
– Nominal - 2.84-5.16 L/crew-day– Contingency - 2.84 L/crew-day
• from Lange et. al., “Advanced Life Support Requirements Document” JSC-38571B, Sept. 2002
9
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Metabolic Energy Requirements• Men (W=mass in kg)
– 18-30: 26W+1154 kcal/day– 30-60: 19.7W+1494 kcal/day
• Women (W=mass in kg)– 18-30: 23.5W+794 kcal/day– 30-60: 13.9W+1326 kcal/day
• Add 500 kcal/day for– EVA days– Moderate exercise days– End-of-mission countermeasure days
10
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Life Support Design Rules of Thumb• A crew member requires 5 kg of consumables/day
– ~1/2 water, 1/3 food, 1/6 oxygen– (including water in food) 77% H2O, 17% O2, 12% food
solids– Dehydration reduces food mass by 2/3
• Food solids produce about 5 calories/gm• Respiration produces about 3.4 calories/gm O2
• Males need about 1/3 more calories than females– Or, males need 1/7 more than average, females 1/7 less– Males need one extra day/week of food, females one less
11
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ISS Water Usage
12
from Jones, “Design Rules for Space Life Support Systems” SAE 2003-01-2356, July 2003
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ISS Configuration and Life Support Layout
13
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ISS Life Support Systems• ACS - Atmosphere Control and Supply• THC - Temperature and Humidity Control• AR - Atmosphere Revitalization• FDS - Fire Detection and Suppression• WM - Waste Management• WRM - Water Recovery and Management• VS - Vacuum Services• EVA Support• Other
14
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
USOS ECLSS Systems
15
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ACS - Atmosphere Control and Supply• Control total atmospheric pressure (monitor total
pressure and add nitrogen)• Control oxygen partial pressure (monitor ppO2
and add oxygen)• Relieve overpressure• Equalize pressures• Respond to rapid decompression (detect and
recover)• Respond to hazardous atmosphere (detect,
remove, recover)
16
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ACS Schematic - Airlock Module
17
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ACS Pressure Control Assembly
18
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Manual Pressure Equalization Valve
19
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
USOS Personal Breathing Apparatus (PBA)
20
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Volatile Organics Analyzer (VOA)
21
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
THC - Temperature and Humidity Control• Control atmospheric temperature (monitor and
remove heat)• Control atmospheric moisture (monitor, remove,
dispose of collected moisture)• Circulate atmosphere intramodule• Circulate atmosphere intermodule
22
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
THC - Temperature and Humidity Control
23
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
CCAA* THC Fan Assembly
24
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
*Common Cabin Air Assembly
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
THC CHX* Schematic
25
*Condensing Heat Exchanger
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
THC CHX “Slurper Bar” Schematic
26
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
THC Water Separator
27
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
IntraModule Ventilation (IMV) Hardware
28
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
AR - Atmosphere Revitalization• Control CO2 (monitor, remove, dispose of)• Control gaseous contaminants (monitor, remove,
dispose of)• Control airborne particulate contaminants (remove
and dispose of)• Control airborne microbial growth (remove and
dispose of)
29
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Air Revitalization Schematic
30
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
4BMS CDRA* Schematic
31
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
*4-Bed Molecular Sieve Carbon Dioxide Removal Apparatus
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
OGA-Oxygen Generator Assembly Schematic
32
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Trace Contaminant Control Subassembly
33
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
TCCS Charcoal Bed Assembly
34
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
TCCS LiOH Bed Assembly
35
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Other ISS Life Support Systems• FDS - Fire Detection and Suppression
– Respond to a fire (detect, isolate, extinguish, recover)
• WM - Waste Management– Accommodate crew hygiene and wastes
• WRM - Water Reclamation and Management– Provide water for crew use (monitor quality, supply
potable and hygiene water, process wastewater)– Supply water for payloads
• VS - Vacuum Services (for payloads)
36
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Russian Fire Safety Criteria
37
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
U.S. Fire Safety Criteria
38
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Fire Detection and Suppression
39
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
WRM Architecture
40
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Urine Processing Schematic
41
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Vacuum Compression and Distillation Subassy
42
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
EVA Support Services• Support denitrogenation (in suit, “campout”)• Support suit servicing and checkout (provide
water, oxygen, in-suit purge)• Support station egress (recover airlock atmosphere
and depress)• Support station ingress (repressurize airlock and
accept suit wastewater)
43
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
USOS ECLSS Functional Integration
44
from Wieland, “Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life Support Systems on the International Space Station” NASA TM-98-206956, Vol. 1, Jan. 1998
Introduction to Space Life SupportENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Other (Different) ECLSS Components• Russian Segment• Columbus Attached Pressurized Module (ESA)• Japanese Experiment Module (JAXA)• Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module (ASI)
45