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Fathur AB

Anin A

Afif A

Hari A

Gary A

Dhika AB

April AB

Mulya AB

Rizka B

Dion AB

Siska AB

Mirel AB

Hani AB

Airita AB

Yusuf AB

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PSTN Extended Transmission Media

Course Number : TTH2A3

CLO : 1

Week : 2 extended

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Three main networks in PSTN

Local Network Local Network

Core Network

1. Backbone / Core network

2. Access Network / Local Loop

3. Interconnection Network

Access Network

Other Licensed Operator

Interconnection Network

Backbone Network

Local Exchange

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Topology

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Comparison between Copper – Fiber – Radio

Copper Fiber Optic Radio

Speed Fastest Slowest

Cost Highest Lowest

Distance Nearest Farthest

MTTF* Shortest Longest

MTTR** Shortest Longest

MTTI*** Longest Shortest

Quality (S/N)**** Best Worst

*MTTF = Mean Time To Failure (Longest = good) **MTTR = Mean Time To Recovery (Shortest = good) ***MTTI = Mean Time To Install (Shortest = good) ****S/N = Signal to Noise Ratio

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Copper Wire

1. Always in pair, one for transmitting (Tx) and one for receiving (Rx)

2. Designed for transmitting analog voice (0 – 4 KHz)

3. Performance measured for attenuation (R) and phase shifting ()

Tx Tx

Rx Rx

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Coaxial Wire

• Up to 2Gbps and 1km

• Wider bandwidth high frequency signal

• Example: antenna cable for television

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Fiber Optic Wire

• Made from silica glass or plastic

• Low attenuation best for long distance connection

• Widest bandwidth best for multimedia services

• Transmitter may use Light Emitting Diodes (LED) or Injection Laser Diodes (ILD)

• Receiver my use PIN or Avalanche Photodiode

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Radio

• Factors to be considered: distance, weather, landscape/contour and channel capacity

• Type: Terrestrial and Satellite: – LEO (Low Earth Orbit)

– MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)

– GEO (Geostationary Orbit)

Tx Rx

2h

1h

1d 2d

d

hc

hs

q

STASIUN BUMI TX STASIUN BUMI RX

SATELIT

UPLINK DOWN LINK

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PSTN Extended Local Exchange

Course Number : TTH2A3

CLO : 1

Week : 2 extended

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Inside Local Exchange

• Exchange Control System manages call establishment

• Switch Block connects subscribers

• Ringing Peripheral provides special information for signalling

SLTU MUX

MF

SIG

TONE

SUBS.

LINE

CONTR

OLLER

SUBS

CONS

SWITCH

BLOCK

(SCSB)

GROUP

SWITCH

BLOCK

MF

SIG

CAS

CCS

OPERRATIONS

COMMONDS

TERMINAL

Telephone

analog

trunk

Digital

trunk

Group Switch UnitSubscriber Concentration Unit

ANALOG LINE

DIGITAL LINE

CONTROL

PATH

EXCHANGE CONTROL SYSTEM

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Mesh Topology

• All nodes connected to one another

• When S = number of nodes and N = number of connections, then:

• Benefits: – All nodes have the same priority

– Simpler switching mechanism

– Better fault tolerance

• Losses: – Inefficient (low utilization)

– Hard for interconnection

A

E

B

D

C

2

1SSN

sconnection102

20

2

4.5

2

155

2

1

5

SS

N

Nodes

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Star Topology

A B

D C

T

Transit

Exchange

• All nodes connected to one main or tandem node

• When S = number of nodes and N = number of connections, then

N = S - 1

• Benefits: – Applicable for lower traffic

– High efficiency

• Losses: – Fault in T means all connections will fault

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Mesh + Star Topology

• Benefits: – More efficient

– Low volume traffic going through T, while high volume traffic use direct connection

– Possibility to use alternate route

• Losses: – More complex mechanism

A

T T

T T

B C

D

E

FG

H

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Ring Topology

A B

C

DE

• All nodes connected max to 2 other nodes

• When S = number of nodes and N = number of connections, then

N = S

• When A sends information to C, B acts as a repeater

• Benefits:

– Easy to install and configure

– Easy to locate fault

• Losses:

– One node fail means all network fail as a solution use double ring topology

– Only one traffic allowed at one time

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Bus Topology

• One bus transmits everything (broadcast)

• Benefits:

– Easy to install

– Shorter wiring cable

• Losses:

– Inflexible (additional node create all changes)

– Fault intolerance (fault in bus makes network down)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

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Tree Topology

• Derived from star topology

• Tandem node acts as repeater uplink and downlink

• Central node acts as an active node, while other nodes act as passive nodes

• Benefits and losses follow the star topology

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Hierarchy Topology

• Designed for a very wide area network

• Takes longer time to establish call

• Inefficient network utilization, needs routing mechanism

IX

T C

L E

S C

P C

T C

L E

S C

P C

Tertiary Centre

Secondary Centre

Primary Centre

Local Exchange

International (Gateway)

Exchange

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Next Evolution

• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

• IN (Intelligent Network)

• PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

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See you on next class