Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
Introduction to
The Danish Groundwater monitoring programme
Senior geochemist, Lærke Thorling. (云雀 Yúnquè )
Background
• Groundwater constitutes 100 % of the drinking water resource in Denmark • Groundwater is heavily exploited in some areas
– Drinking water to the east -Irrigation to the west (dry years only)
• 63 % of all Denmark is cultivated agricultural areas • Groundwater quality and quantity crucial for surface waters History
– 1950: First national groundwater table monitoring programme
– 1988: The national groundwater monitoring programme initiated, as part of an integrated national water monitoring programme
– 2004: The national groundwater table monitoring programme is integrated in the overall monitoring programme
– 2007: The Water Framework Directive initiates a change in monitoring strategy and redesign of the monitoring network
What is Groundwater monitoring?
Groundwater monitoring collects data of relevance for policy and management issues in the water sector. Special focus on establishment of time series, mapping secondary
Groundwater quantity
Groundwater table soundings
Water abstractions
National hydrological model
Groundwater quality
Groundwater samples from
• Monitoring wells
• Abstraction wells at all water works wells in DK
Point source data are handled separately (in DK)
No data from private drinking water wells or drinkingwater used to asses status or trend.
Researach and
development
•Methodology
• Interpretation
•Dating
•Water cycle
•Analytical methods
•Modeling
Mangagement
Policy
•EU directives
•European Env. Agency
•Municipalities and EPA
•Waterplans other planning
•Efficiency of measures
• Inspection of water works
Dissemination
•Yearly reports
•Thematic reports
• Intercalibration
•Lectures and talks
•Articles
•Cooperation EPA, EU etc.
Groundwater Monitoring
Monitoring of groundwater in Denmark
What Waterworks Groundwater
monitoring
Pesticides
Leaching (PLAP)
Point sources
Where Abstraction
wells
Monitoring
wells
Monitoring
wells
Drain
Suction cups
Monitoring
wells
(permanent
and temporal)
Abstraction
wells
Why Drinking
water
NOVANA -
Water Plans (EU)
License for
pesticides
Old Point
Pollution
Who Waterworks EPA-nature/
GEUS
GEUS/AU/
EPA-
environment
Regions
How many > 6.000 700-800/year
(~ 1500)
5 areas >15.000 plots
? Pesticides ?
Reporting GEUS GEUS GEUS/AU Regions/
Consultants
Flow of Groundwater Monitoring Data
Environmental Agency/
Water Works
Laboratorium
Laboratorium
GEUS
GEUS
Environmental Agency
Minister/Parliament
EU Commission + EEA
Municipalities etc.
Sampling & field measurements (Standards)
Chemical analysis (ISO- standards)
Data, upload to databases JUPITER, (code system)
Interpretation (Reporting+ data to EEA)
Knowledge
Political evaluation
Political reaction/legislation
Political reaction/legislation
Implementation in administration
GEUS and Groundwater monitoring in DK
• The national groundwater monitoring
programme is conducted by EPA and GEUS in cooperation.
• EPA sets the political and economical framework
• GEUS sets the Technical and scientific framework, through manuals and technical guidelines (expertise and datacentre)
• EPA is responsible for collection of samples, contact to laboratories and primary data management
• GEUS is responsible for the yearly reporting of data to the political system and the public.
• GEUS host the database JUPITER, with all relevant groundwater data
Need to have representative data:
Monitoring strategy
1988-2006: Principle: Know the details in 72 areas and generalise to national level Understand the local dynamics Use it global All monitoring points same parameters and frequency
2007: Principle: WFD demands monitoring fitting the approx. 400 groundwater bodies More distributed monitoring network under establishment Parameters and frequency according to risk
Difficult to stick to just one monitoring strategy in a
changing political environment over almost 30 years.
Geographic Geological geochemical Land use and groundwater in risk.
Relevant choice of parameters Relevant frequency Design of monitoring wells
Present Design Danish Groundwater Monitoring sites
• Monitoring in 65 clustered areas of 5-50 km2 each with 20-25 wells and 1 m screen. (700 samples/year)
• Additional monitoring in groundwater bodies at risk (140 samples/year)
• Multilevel monitoring in 5 deep groundwater well (4x80 samples every 3. year)
• Detailed monitoring of surface near groundwater in 5 small agricultural catchments (6x100 samples/year)
• A total of 1600-2000 monitoring points
• One water sample: up to 97 parameters: 26 main elements, 14 heavy metals, 23 organic micro-pollutants, and 34 pesticides
Methodologies and tools
Field work/ Practical work
• Water sampling and drilling new wells
• Traditional hydrogeological field work
• Database development and handling of data
Incorporation of state of art scientific work
• 5D conceptual framework for data interpretation
• All authors in reporting have their theme as scientific working field
• Monitoring groundwater effect on surfacewater/dependent ecosystems
• Cooperation at a EU level (CIS for WFD)
• Cooperation with EEA
• Technical guidance
• Field work, sampling, sounding etc.
• Data management, database work
Depths of monitoring wells
Depth of new sampling points m b.s.
Data available for interpretation
Number of monitoring points Number of nitrate samples
Number of pesticide sampes Number of arsenic samples
The annual report
• Theme authors with expertise in relevant subject
• Same paradigm for every 6 year program period
• Target groups : Danish parliament, EPA, Waterworks, NGO etc.
• Reporting is coordinated with other environmental monitoring programmes
• Only electronic reporting
• Only national reporting, no regional
• Published every year since 1989
• Next issue 3. Dec. 2015 on 2014 data
Thorling et al, 2015, report
Main topics of the Report
• The monitoring network, goals, legal framework and adjustments
• Groundwater Age, Hydrogeology : relevant Background Knowledge
• Nitrate
• Phosphorous
• Redox-wells
• Organic Micro pollutants
• Trace elements
• Pesticides
• Water abstraction
• Groundwater table
• NOVANA-model
Prerequisite for monitoring strategy and interpretation of Chemical state, Trend and Dynamics
Every sample represents a 5D point: (x,y,z,tr,ts). (x,y,z) the location of the filter, tr the time of groundwater recharge, (period) ts the time of sampling. This statement can easily be said, The huge implications are to often ignored
5D understanding of groundwater quality:
Geological setting of Denmark
Conceptual models geochemistry – and hydro-geology
Source: Jørgensen & Stockmarr 2009
West East/North East/South
Groundwater table
Groundwater table
Acidification cline
Acidification cline
Redox cline
Redox cline
No clear acidification- nor redox- cline
clay
clay
limestone
CFC and 3H/3He dating SF6 tested not useful 14C not relevant Not all monitoring points can be dated due to practical issues
Dating of groundwater
Thorling et al, 2015, report
Conceptual models are the Basic of all monitoring strategy
How to understand the vulnerability of groundwater
towards nitrate and pesticides
What is the state and trends in the nitrate content for groundwater?
Simple question, many possible answers.
Indicators: Standard figures Monitoring data.
What is the Status and trends of the nitrate content in groundwater used for drinking water ?
Simple question, clearer answer
but No consideration to abstracted amounts only pr. well.
Indicators: Standard figures
waterworks data.
Interpretation of monitoring data and coupling to policy initiatives, is challenged by the lack of contemporaneity in groundwater - Residence time must be taken into account, - Geochemical behavior must be taken into account What is the effect of action plans on the groundwater quality? How are groundwater status and trends related to human activities ? What dating methods can be implemented in the field ?
Problem statement
Water sampling: 1988-2009
Groundwater recharge year: 1952-2003
Age of groundwater: ca. 6-50 år
Grundwater recharge year = Sampling year ÷ groundwater age
ES&T, 45, 228-234: Hansen et al. 2011
National N trends in Denmark in groundwater and surface water
ES&T, 45, 228-234: Hansen et al. 2011
50.12.03.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Nitrate , oxygene, sulphate
O2
NO3
SO4
Trends of individual filters.
70.11.06.01
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Nitrate , oxygene, sulphate
O2
NO3
SO4
The bad
70.11.23.01
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Nitrate , oxygene, sulphate
O2
NO3
SO4
The ugly
70.11.06.01
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Nitrate , oxygene, sulphate
O2
NO3
SO4
The real horror
15.14.05.01
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Nitrate , oxygene, sulphate
O2
NO3
SO4
The future The good
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
Nit
rate
, su
lph
ate
an
d o
xyg
en
e
O2
NO3
SO4
The spooky
Nitrate trends in 152 monitoring points in oxic groundwater
Birgitte Hansen, [email protected]
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Yngst 0-15 år Medium 15-25 år Ældst 25-50 år< 15 years old 15-25 years old >25 years old
% af points
BG, 9, 3277-3286: Hansen et al. 2012
Inorganic Trace elements. Present Monitoring includes
– GRUMO: Al, As, Sb, Se, Be, Ba, Pb, B, Cd, Cr, Co, I, Cu, Ni, Zn. – Water Works As, Ni, B, Ba, Co ( obligate ) + Al if acidic water + Voluntary
elements In monitoring wells – Trace elements are monitored 2 times pr. 6 years. – Several other trace elements have been included earlier – Trace element analysis are used to find background values and support
the water plans with threshold values. At waterworks Monitoring every 3rd to 6th year/well ( in addition to drinkingwater)
• Trend analysis (linear regression 95% confidents) on filters which hold trace elements above drinking water standards.
• Results show that trends do occur, probably because of influence from water abstraction.
Ni elevated because of water abstraction, Al naturally elevated in areas with pH < 6.5.
Organic Micro pollutants
Present monitoring programme includes for both water works and National monitoring wells
– Halogenated
– Phenol
– Aromatic Carbonhyddrates
– Nonylphenolic compounds
– Chlorophenolic compounds
– Phthalater
– Detergents
• All pollutants are found in groundwater except detergents
• Many occurrences of aromatic compounds, few over drinking water standards,
• Few findings of halogenated, but a large share of exceedences – some natural CHCl3
• Every year comprehensive appendixes with results from waterworks .
• As a principle there is no monitoring in this programme on point sources, but it can be difficult to draw the line, eg. In cities.
Pesticides: waterworks and monitoring network
Analytical program
2010
Dynamic array of substances, coordinated with
Special pesticide early warning monitoring. PLAP
xx legal substances ( 2010)
Pesticides in Danish Groundwater
12 % of water work wells
have > 0,1 µg/l of pesticides
50 % of all groundwater
monitoring wells have at
least one detection of a
pesticide
Water work wells 2009-2013
Herbicides sold in Denmark 1955-2010
The herbicides sold are not necessaire those we find in ground water
sales sales sales sales sales
sales
sales sales
sales
sales
sales
sales
Found substanses
2013
First
indications of
effect of
pesticid
regulations
Total abstraction in Denmark
Water works
Industri & fish farms
Institutions with own abstraction
Surface water
The national net of groundwater soundings.
The national net builds on the counties old net, and very old GEUS water table sounding wells To support the GWD and WFD the net is expanded in 2011-2015. There is a large need for more shallow monitoring, to gain knowledge on groundwater impact on nature
and surface waters.
Visions of future development and research
• Groundwater residence time
• Monitoring groundwater impact on Surface Water and Dependent Ecosytems
• Time series interpretation
• Development of the monitoring network
• Intercalibration of fieldwork
• Stronger interpretation of soundings and logger data
• Interpretation of data at different spatial scales
• Screening and monitoring of emerging contaminants
Current activities - NOVANA Science into monitoring
Monitoring strategy
Guidance documents: Field and data management
Conceptual understanding of geochemical framework
Uncertainties and scales in data and model predictions
Hydrogeology and modelling quantity issues
Scientific spinoff
o Trend analysis of nitrate
o Research projects on arsenic, natural Chloroform etc.
o Natural eutrophication of lakes
o Pesticide source assessment
o The National Water Resources Model
o Groundwater surface water interaction
More information 更多信息
• National well database (Jupiter) With geologic information from over 240.000 wells. Possibility to download well reports with geologic descriptsions,
• 全国水井数据库（Jupiter）
• 从超过24万口水井所得的地质信息。有可能下载带有地质描述的水井报告
• Grafical Views of wells and data for groundwater chemistry. http://www.geus.dk/jupiter/index-dk.htm
• 水井图形视图以及地下水化学数据
• http://www.geus.dk/jupiter/index-dk.htm
• National geofysisk database (GERDA) 国家地球物理数据库(GERDA)
• Landsdækkende geofysisk database for miljø- og råstofområdet,
• geofysiske metoder, udvekslingsformater og muligheder for download af data. http://www.gerda.dk/index.html
• Homepage for groundwater monitoring www.Grundvandsovervaagning.dk
• 地下水监测首页www.Grundvandsovervaagning.dk
• www.vandmodel.dk
PLAP – An early warning system Why: Findings of pesticides and degradation products in the ground- and extraction water (app. 50 % of wells in the GRUMO monitoring system) Political Action: Early warning system to prevent future contaminations of groundwater by monitoring the upper ”young” groundwater How: 5 fields with normal agricultural practice. No point sources, accidents... EPA: Re-evaluation if leaching exceeds 0.1 µg L-1
Check of the Danish approval procedures (and EU)
The Danish Parliament has
provided funding until the end of
2015:
9.3 million DKR year-1
(1.2 mio EUR)
GEUS research investment:
1 million DKR year-1 (0.13 mio EUR)
Jyndevad
Silstrup
Tylstrup
Faardrup
Estrup
NET PRECIPITATION
5 test fields:
2 Sand fields
+
3 Clay till
fields, drained (moraine clay or loam)
0 50 m
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6 M7
Monitoring wells
P3
P6 P4
P7
P8
P5
Piezometer
Rain gauge
Pt-100 temperature sensors S1
S2 Suction cups, TDR and
Shed
Tile drains and drain well
Old horizontal wells
New horizontal well
MONITORING DESIGN 2 - 4 ha (1 ha=10.000m2)
Status – last PLAP report 101 pesticides and degradation products investigated 50 parent pesticides
16 pesticides and/or their degradation products leached in
concentrations above 0.1 µg L-1
18 pesticides and/or their degradation products are of concern
16 pesticides and/or their degradation products are not leaching at all
Regulation and re-evaluation • Time of application/ frequency on spraying
• Application purpose – crop
• Dosage
• Removed / banned from the market
Banned: Metribuzin, terbuthylazine,
rimsulfuron, metalaxyl-M, bifenox
