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d h lbl f Introduction to theglobal issue of Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) Alessandro F. Gualtieri
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Page 1: Introduction to the glbllobal issue of Naturally Occurring ...emu2019.unimore.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Gualtieri1a.pdf · Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) NOA regards the 6

d h l b l fIntroduction to the global issue of Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA)Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA)

Alessandro F. Gualtieri

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Definitions 

solid and brittle concepts

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Mineral fibers

IARC (International Agency for Research

on Cancer)on Cancer) carcinogens“Group 1”

“Six fibrous silicates are classified as 'asbestos':the fibrous serpentine called chrysotile and thethe fibrous serpentine called chrysotile and thefibrous amphiboles actinolite, amosite,anthophyllite, crocidolite and tremolite” (USDept Labor 1975)Dept. Labor, 1975).

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(New) Mineral fibers (on the block)

EMU school 2019 – Introduction A.F. Gualtieri 3/33

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(New) Mineral fibers (on the block)

EMU school 2019 – Introduction A.F. Gualtieri 3/33

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(New) Mineral fibers (on the block)

f B( ) C( ) ( )

EMU school 2019 – Introduction A.F. Gualtieri 3/33

Ideal formula: B(Na2.00)SB=2.00C(Mg3.00Al2.00)SC=5.00Si8.00O22(OH)2

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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA)Alex Speer – MSA mailing list coordinator: “We are pleased toAlex Speer – MSA mailing list coordinator:  We are pleased to announce that the European Mineralogical Union has launched the 2nd EMU school on mineral fibres (2019 EMU school) scheduled on ( )September 9‐13, 2019 in Casale Monferrato (AL), Italy. Topic: Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA): from geological to medical aspects…

To the MSA list march 5 2019: I find it disturbing that the MSA wouldTo the MSA list march 5, 2019: I find it disturbing that the MSA would promote anything that promulgates the abhorrent term "naturally occurring asbestos.“ …, the controversy over so‐called "NOA" is g , yabout politics and commerce, not about a simple matter of terminology. When it comes to "asbestos," a lot of public funds, court 

d l ff i d d icases, and regulatory affairs depend on semantics…Best regards,                                                                                                  Don HaltermanDon Halterman

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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA)NOA regards the asbestos fibers that occur in rocks and soils as aNOA regards the asbestos fibers that occur in rocks and soils as a result of natural geological processes.

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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA)NOA regards the 6 commercially asbestos fibres that occur in rocksNOA regards the 6 commercially asbestos fibres that occur in rocks and soils as a result of natural geological processes (see Lee et al., 2008).

The definition does not include other mineral fibers! NOMF, NOE…

)

Natural weathering and/or human activities may disturb NOA‐bearing rock or soil and release asbestos into the air, inducing potential human 

b i h l iexposure by inhalation.

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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) – where?

NOA

If it is not disturbed and fibres are not released into 

h

If it is disturbed byhuman activities or natural 

hthe air, then it is not a health risk.

weathering processes,then it may be a health risk.

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Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) – where?

NOA

If it is not disturbed and fibres are not released into 

hthe air, then it is not a health risk.

EMU school 2019 – Introduction A.F. Gualtieri 7/33

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Exposure to NOA and malignant mesothelioma (MM)

Donaldson et al. (2010)

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Exposure to NOA and malignant mesothelioma (MM)

Donaldson et al. (2010)

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NOA and MM: the distance paradigm ‐ EuropeThere are areas of the world where exposure to NOA may constitute aThere are areas of the world where exposure to NOA may constitute a significant health risk (Kanarek, 2011).

I ( T k ) ith t b t ti l i d t i l b t thIn areas (e.g. Turkey) without substantial industrial asbestos use, there is an association between the occurrence of MM (and of PPs) and the proximity of the subject’s birthplace to ophiolites (Bayram et al 2013)proximity of the subject s birthplace to ophiolites (Bayram et al., 2013).

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NOA and MM: the distance paradigm ‐ EuropeThere are areas of the world where exposure to NOA may constitute aThere are areas of the world where exposure to NOA may constitute a significant health risk (Kanarek, 2011).

I ( T k ) ith t b t ti l i d t i l b t thIn areas (e.g. Turkey) without substantial industrial asbestos use, there is an association between the occurrence of MM (and of PPs) and the proximity of the subject’s birthplace to ophiolites (Bayram et al 2013)proximity of the subject s birthplace to ophiolites (Bayram et al., 2013).

NOA‐related MM are reported in other Mediterranean countries, including Corsica, Cyprus, Greece, and Italy, and in other sites of the world, including New Caledonia and 

California (Baumann et al., 2011)

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NOA and MM: the distance paradigm – the California case

Although the study of Pan et al. (2005) has limitations as it does not allow determination of a causal association between sources of naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) and mesothelioma: …data support the hypothesis that residential proximity to NOA is significantly 

i t d ith i d i k f MM i C lif iassociated with increased risk of MM in California.

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Definition of asbestos and fibre?Controversy as to which mineral particles should be classified asControversy as to which mineral particles should be classified as ‘asbestos’:NIOSH (2011) has reviewed numerous resources and has not found any current reference for standard terminology and definitions y gythat is complete and unambiguous.

NIOSH OSHA (1980) Workplace exposure to asbestos Review andNIOSH‐OSHA (1980). Workplace exposure to asbestos. Review and recommendations 81,103 “1. Asbestos is defined to be chrysotile, crocidolite, and fibrous cummingtonite‐grunerite including amosite, , g g g ,fibrous tremolite, fibrous actinolite, and fibrous anthophyllite. 2. The ‘fibrosity’ of the above minerals is ascertained on a microscopic level with fibers defined to be particles with an aspect ratio of 3:1 or larger.”

fibrous – the concept of fibre?

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Fibre

REGULATED FIBRE: L > 5μm; w < 3μm; a r > 3REGULATED FIBRE: L > 5μm; w < 3μm; a.r. > 3(WHO, 1997 ‐ Counting criteria. Determination of airborne fibre number concentrations Geneva)

A specific particle is considered a fiber when its aspect ratio is >3 for l h d f l ( l )

number concentrations. Geneva)

light microscopy and >5 for electron microscopy (Gunter et al., 2007).

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Fibre

REGULATED FIBRE: L > 5μm; w < 3μm; a r > 3REGULATED FIBRE: L > 5μm; w < 3μm; a.r. > 3(WHO, 1997 ‐ Counting criteria. Determination of airborne fibre number concentrations Geneva)number concentrations. Geneva)

Ross Malcolm et al. (1984). "Special Technical Publication 834, 139‐147. “... Individual mineral particles, however processed and regardless of their mineral name, are not demonstrated to be asbestos if the length to width ratio is < 20:1 ”asbestos if the length‐to‐width ratio is < 20:1.

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