Introduction to the Human Body-Chapter 1 Outline

Divisions of Study A. Study of human body divided into

two areas Anatomy- study of structure i.e. gross anatomy Physiology- function i.e. Quadricep: how it contracts

B. The study of Anatomy describes 1. location- where is it? 2. appearance- what does it look

like? 3. relationship of body parts-

how does one part relate to others?

C. The study of Physiology explains the mechanisms that operate body activities-How does it work?

Ex- muscle/muscle system. How do muscles contract and relax to make the muscular system work?

D. How a particular body part works, depends on its structure

Ex- The function of the skeletal system is to give our body

1.support 2. structure 3. protection

structure: bones are made up of hard materials such as calcium to help in its function

II. Basic Terminology A. Terms used in the study of

Anatomy and Physiology are based on

latin or greek word parts.

1. Universal language 2. Understood throughout the world

B. Anatomical terms formed from these word parts are often descriptive of the body part or function

Ex Myocardium- Myo (Greek)= muscle + cardia( heart)= heart muscle

Erythrocyte- Erythro (Greek)= red + cyte(cell)= red blood cell

C. Directional Terms 1. Directional Terminology- language used

to describe the location of a body structure relative to another

a. Based on Body being in the Anatomical Position

1. Standing- erect 2. Facing- the observer 3. Arms- at the side 4. Palms and Toes- turned forward

b. Directional Terminology is invaluable tool- eliminates lengthy descriptions and removes question of what position the body is in.

1. Superior- towards the head or upper body

Ex- head is superior to chest 2. Inferior- away from head or

towards lower part of body Ex- buttocks is inferior to the back

3. Anterior- (ventral)- towards front body

Ex- eyes are on the anterior portion of head

4. Posterior- (dorsal)- towards the back of body

Ex- backbone extends down the posterior side of the body

5. Medial- towards the midline of body

Ex- medial portion of thigh 6. Lateral- away from midline Ex- ears are in the lateral portion of

the head

7. Proximal- towards a structure’s origin

(origin is the point of attachment) Ex- humerus is proximal to the wrist 8. Distal- away from structure’s

origin Ex- wrist is distal to humerus

9. Superficial- towards the surface Ex- skin is superficial to skeleton 10. Deep- inward from surface of

body Ex- heart and lungs lie deep to rib

cage

2. Body Planes a. A plane is an imaginary flat

surface, used by anatomical artists to slice through a specimen

b. Three basic types of Body Planes

1. Sagittal- divides body into right and left halves

(midsagittal/median)- divides right and left sides equally

2. Frontal- divides body into front and back

3. Transverse (horizontal)- divides body into upper and lower body parts and makes a clear cross-section

Sagittal Plane

Separates the body into right and left segments

Mid-sagittal plane separates into equal right and left segments

Imaginary line known as the midline

Frontal Plane (Coronal plane)

Separates the body into front and back segments

Better used terminology would be?

Transverse Plane

Separates the body into upper and lower segments

Better used terminology would be?

III. Structural Levels of Organization Human Body composed of 6 distinct levels

or organization A. Chemical level-

atoms→molecules→macromolecules macro: proteins lipids carbs. ( all give

structural foundation for body) nucleic acids

B. Cellular level- basic structural and functional units of living things

Ex- blood, muscle cells, nerve cells C. Tissue level- group of similar cells

that combine to form common fxn Ex- muscle tissue D. Organ level- two or more different

types of tissues performing a general fxn

E. System level- two or more organs acting in conjunction to make a system

F. Complete Organism- composed of many systems depending on one another to perform tasks

IV. The Body Plan A. Human Body is divided into major areas

called regions 1. Head- cranium/cephalic region face (frontal) 2. Neck- cervical 3. Trunk- thorax (sternal and

pectoral) abdominal, umbilical, inguinal

(groin) pelvis (inguinal/groin), coxal

(hip), back (dorsum,

vertebral,lumbar,sacral

4. Upper Appendage- from superior to inferiorshoulder (acromial),armpit (axilla) upper arm (brachium) elbow (cubital) front of elbow (antecubital) forearm (antebrachium)wrist (carpus), hand (manus), palm of hand (palmar), fingers (digits)

5. Lower Appendage- from superior to inferior

Buttocks (Gluteus) anal-reproductive organ area (perineal) thigh (femorus) knee (popliteal/patellar), lower leg (crural) instep (tarsal), top of foot (pedal), bottom

of foot (plantar), toes (digits)

B. Body Cavities 1. the body is divided into

several cavities that contain many organs.

2. There are 2 major body cavities which can be subdivided into several smaller cavities.

a. Dorsal Cavity- posterior side of body

1. Cranial Cavity- skull (protects brain)

2. Vertebral Canal- vertebrae (protects spinal cord)

b. Ventral Cavity-anterior side of body

1. Separated into two smaller cavities by the- diaphragm

(Greek for barrier) L3= ventral is divided into smaller

cavities pleural: lung pericardial: heart

. Thoracic Cavity- upper portion of body

protected by rib cage, locates lungs and heart

b. Abdominopelvic Cavity- lower portion of body

-abdominal: protects stomach, s. & l intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen.

-pelvic Cavity- formed by iliac (hip), contains urinary bladder, repro. parts.

Pleural cavity

Cover the two lungs individually

Complications?

Pericardial cavity

Outer covering of the heart

Similar complications as with the lungs

L3 DRAW PICTURE OF 4 QUADS AND LABEL ORGANS