IntroductiontotheNCEDPainManagementGuidelines
April12,2017
OurAgenda
• OverviewofOpioidEpidemic• OurCommitteeEfforts• ReviewofNCEDPainManagementGuidelines• NCHAGrantOverview
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PollingQuestion
• DoesyourhospitalhaveEDpainmanagementguidelinesinplace?
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TheOpioidEpidemicDonTeaterMDTeaterHealthSolutions
MeridianBehavioralHealthServicesWaynesville,[email protected]
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OpioidFacts
TheUnitedStateshas4.6%oftheworld’spopulation• Weuse80%oftheworldsopioids!1• 83%oftheworld’spopulationhasnoaccesstoanyopioids.
SeyaM-J,Gelders SFaM,Achara OU,Milani B,Scholten WK.Afirstcomparisonbetweentheconsumptionofandtheneedforopioidanalgesicsatcountry,regional,andgloballevels. JPainPalliat CarePharmacother.2011;25(1):6-18.doi:10.3109/15360288.2010.536307.
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OpioidIncrease
Drugdistributionthroughthepharmaceuticalsupplychainwastheequivalentof96mgofmorphineperpersonin1997andapproximately700mgperpersonin2007,anincreaseof>600%.
Paulozzi LJ,BaldwinG.CDCGrandRounds:PrescriptionDrugOverdoses— aU.S.Epidemic.MMWR.2012;61(1):10-13.
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Rates of Opioid Overdose Deaths, Sales andTreatment, Admissions,US, 1999-2010.
Year
National Vital Statistics System, DEA’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System, SAMHSA’s TEDS
National Vital Statistics System, DEA’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System, SAMHSA’s TEDS
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https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html
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https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html
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NCOpioidOverdoseDeaths
• 2013– 790• 2014– 913• 2015– 1,110
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37
28
40
21
37
62
Ibuprofen 200 mg
Acetaminophen 500 mg
Ibuprofen 400 mg
Oxycodone 15 mg
Oxy 10 + acet 1000
Ibu 200 + acet 500
Percent with 50% pain relief
EfficacyofPainMediationsAcutePain
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TeaterD.EvidencefortheEfficacyofPainMedications.Itasca,Illinois;2014.www.nsc.org/painmedevidence.MooreRA,DerryS,McQuayHJ,Wiffen PJ.Singledoseoralanalgesicsforacutepostoperativepaininadults.CochraneDatabaseSyst Rev.2011;9(9):CD008659.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008659.pub2.
AcuteRxLeadstoLong-termUseDurationofacuteuse:• 1day- 6%chanceofstillusingthatdrugayearlater• 8days- 13.5%• 31days- 29.9%
13www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6610a1.htm?s_cid=mm6610a1_e
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NCStrategicPlantoReducePrescriptionDrugAbuse
I. PreventionandPublicAwareness
II. Intervention&TreatmentIII. Professionaltrainingand
coordinationIV. Identificationofcoredata
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OurOpioidStewardshipAdvisoryCommitteeMember Affiliation
StevenJarrett,PharmD MedicationSafetyOfficerCarolinasHealthcareSystem
BridgetBridgman,PharmD,CPPS
Director,MedicationSafetyNovantHealth
ChrisGriggs,MD,MPH EmergencyRoomCarolinas HealthcareSystem
JeffGadsden,MD,FRCPC,FANZCA
Chief,DivisionofOrthopaedic,PlasticandRegionalAnesthesiologyDukeUniversity MedicalCenter
CarolLabadie,PharmD MedicationSafetyOfficerVidantMedicalCenter
BarryBunn,MD EDMedicalDirector/ChiefofStaffVidantEdgecombe Hospital
NancySchanz NCHA,NCQCPSO
DonTeaterMeridianBehavioralHealthServicesTeaterHealthSolutions
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ReviewofNCGuidelinesforOpioidManagementintheEDChristopherGriggs,MD,MPHDepartmentofEmergencyMedicineCarolinasMedicalCenter
NCGuidelinesforOpioidManagementintheED
• Goal:Balancethedutytotreatpainanddecreasetheriskofopioiddependence,addiction,anddiversionintheemergencymedicinepopulation
• Context:Theincreaseuseofopioidsinthepasttwodecadesformanagementofacuteandchronicpainhasledtoabuse,addiction,anddeathinourcommunities.
• HospitalandEmergencyDepartmentsshouldreviewthisguidelineandcreatehospitalanddepartmentalpoliciesthatimprovepainmanagementwhiledecreasingtheuseofopioids
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Conceptsrequiredtointerprettheseguidelines:
• Acutepain:Paincausedbytissueinjuryorinflammationthatlastslessthan3months.
• Chronicpain:Painwithoutidentifiabletissueinjuryorlastingpastthetimeofnormaltissuehealing,usuallygreaterthan3months.
• Malignant/Cancerpain:Painresultingfromchronicinflammatoryortissuedestroyingprocess.Examples:Metastaticcancer,sicklecelldisease,cripplingrheumatoidcondition
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1. Onemedicalprovidershouldprescribeallopioidpainmedicinestotreatapatient’schronicpain.
• Chronicpainisdefinedaspainlastinglongerthan3months
• AccordingtotheCDCguidelinesandmedicalliterature,thereispoorevidencefortheeffectivenessofopioidsintreatingchronicpain.
• Incaseswhereopioidsareusedtotreatchronicpain,onemedicalproviderwithanongoingrelationshipwiththepatientisrequired,whichisnotpossibleintheemergencymedicinesetting.
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2. EmergencyProvidersshouldusetheirjudgmentandotherresourcestoprovidethebestandsafestcaretopatients.HospitalsshouldsupporttheEP’sdecisionwhenitistheirclinicaljudgmentthatanopioidshouldnotbeprescribedevenifapatienthasrequestedaprescription.
• Thetreatmentofpaindoesnotrequireopioidmedications
• EPsshouldprovidetheirpatientsaplanandstrategiesformanagingpain
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3. Prescriptionsforacutepain/injuriesshouldbewrittenfortheshortestdurationandlowesteffectivedoseappropriate– nomorethan3daysonaverage.CDCguidelinesrecommendlessthan3daysassufficientformostacutepainandrarelywillmorethan5to7daysofopioidsberequired.
• Acutepainisdefinedbypainrelatedtoinjuredorinflamedtissue.Inmostcasesitlastsdaystoweeksandisexpectedtoresolvebefore3months.
• IfEPsdecidetogiveanopioidprescription,a3dayprescriptionisrecommendedastheaveragestandardprescriptions
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4. HospitalsandEDsshoulddeveloppoliciestointegratetheuseoftheNCControlledSubstanceReportingSystem(NCCSRS)intoproviderworkflowswhenopioidsareprescribed.Additionally,hospitalsshouldworktointegratetheNCCSRSintocurrenthospitalelectronicmedicalrecordstoprovideefficientreviewofpatientprofileswithouttheneedtorepeatedlyaccessawebportal.
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5. TheNCCSRSreportshouldbeinterpretedwithintheclinicalcontextofthepatientpresentation.Ultimately,thedecisiontoprescribeopioidsrequirestheprofessionaljudgmentoftheEP,weighingtherisksofabuse,diversion,oraddictionwiththeriskoffailingtotreatseverepain.
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6. Non-opioidtherapiesshouldbeprioritizedoveropioidanalgesicsinthereliefofacuteandchronicpain.ThisincludestheuseofNSAIDS,acetaminophen,heat/coldtherapy,positionsofcomfort,physicaltherapy,andothermultimodaltherapies.
• Hospitalsandemergencydepartmentsshouldincreaseaccesstoandprioritizeopioidsparingpainmanagementstrategies.
• Theabovelistareexamplesandisnotanexhaustivelistofpossibletherapies.
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7. Onlyinrarecircumstancesshouldashortprescription(<3days)beprovidedforapatientonchronicopioidtherapyforchronicnon-cancerpain.Thedecisiontoprescribeforthesepatientsshouldoccurincoordinationwiththeprimaryprescriberandinformationregardingtheencountershouldbecommunicatedtotheprimaryprescriberwhenpossible.
• Ideally,patientsinchronicpainshouldnotbeintroducedtoopioidsintheemergencydepartment.
• Shouldapatientmanagedonchronicopioidforchronicpainhaveanexacerbationofpain,ashortcourseofopioidsmayberequiredinrarecircumstances.
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8. LongactingorextendedreleasenarcoticagentssuchasOxyContin,extendedreleasemorphineorfentanylpatchesshouldonlybeprescribedinconsultationwiththeprimaryopioidprescriber.
• Longactingagentscarryahigherriskofoverdoseandshouldnotbeprescribedfromtheemergencydepartmentwithoutcoordinationoccurringwithaprimaryprescriber.
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9. Controlledsubstanceprescriptionsthatwerelost,stolen,destroyedorfinishedprematurelyshouldnotbereplaced.EDprovidersshouldnotprovidereplacementdosesofmethadoneorbuprenorphineforpatientsparticipatinginatreatmentprogramwithoutconsultingthetreatmentprogramorprimaryopioidprescriber.
• Replacementdosesofmethadoneshouldonlyoccurinconsultationwithprescribingclinicorprimaryprescriber
• Buprenorphinemaybeusedtostabilizepatientsinacuteopioidwithdrawalintheemergencydepartment.Prescriptionsforoutpatientbuprenorphineshouldonlybeprovidedinconcertwithanoutpatienttreatmentprogramandareplacementdoseshouldonlyoccurwithcommunicationtothepatient’soutpatienttreatingprovider. 28
10. AdministrationofIMorIVopioidsforthereliefofacuteexacerbationsofchronicnon-cancerpainisnotinthepatient’sbestinterestandshouldbediscouraged.
• IMandIVopioidsactfasterthanoralopioidsandcausegreatereuphoriaanddopaminereleaseinthelimbicsystem.Startingwithoralopioidsinpatientsthatrequirefurtheropioidtherapyforchronicpainshouldbeprioritized.
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11. Patientswhoareidentifiedwithasubstanceusedisorderoratriskforsubstanceusedisordershouldbereferredtoanaddictionprogramorprimarycareproviderforevaluationandtreatment.
• Routinescreeningfortobacco,alcohol,andillicitsubstanceabuseshouldoccurinpatientsyouareconsideringtreatingwithopioids.
• Theabuseofothersubstancesincreasestheriskoflongertermopioiddependenceandabuse.Consideralternativepainmanagementstrategiesinthesespatientsorshortercoursesofopioidsifyoufeeltheyarerequired.
• Allthosewhoscreenpositiveforasubstanceabusedisordershouldbereferredtotreatment. 30
12. Hospitalsandout-patientnetworksshoulddeveloppoliciestocoordinatethecareofpatientswhofrequentlyvisittheEDforevaluationsofacuteexacerbationsofchronicpain.ApatientspecificcareplaninvolvingtheED,hospital,andprovidertreatingthepatient’spain-inducingconditionshouldbedevelopedthatincludespatient-specificpoliciesortreatmentplans,includingreferralsforpatientswithsuspectedprescriptionopioidabuseproblems.
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13. Patientsprescribedopioidsshouldbecounseledto:a.Knowrisks,sideeffectsandbenefitsofopioiduse,b.Storemedicationssecurely,notsharethemwithothersanddisposeofthemproperlywhentheirpainisresolved,
c.Usethemedicationsasdirectedformedicalpurposesonly,and
d.Avoidusingopioidswithalcohol,sedatives,musclerelaxantsorhypnoticsduetotheriskofoverdose.
• HighriskopioidusersshouldreceiveeducationaboutnaloxoneandaprescriptionfornasalorIMnaloxone.
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AnotherPollingQuestion…
Whichbestpracticeswillbemostchallengingtoyourfacility?1. Developingfacilitypoliciestointegratethesebestpractices.2. Offeringnon-opioidmulti-modaltherapiestopatients.3. IntegratingtheuseofNCCSRSintoproviderworkflowwhenopioids
areprescribed.4. Referringhighriskpatientsorthosewithsubstanceusedisordersto
theirPCPortreatmentprograms.5. CoordinatingthecareofpatientswhofrequentlyvisittheEDfor
evaluationsofacuteexacerbationsofchronicpain.
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Resources
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TheInjuryandViolencePreventionBranchattheDivisionofPublicHealthinpartnershipwiththeNorthCarolinaHospitalAssociationislookingathowtoimprovecarepathwaystopreventpatientsfrom
succumbingtoOpioidAddictionandforthosesufferingwithOpioidUseDisorderatahospitalandhealthsystemlevel.
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TheCoalitionforModelOpioidPracticesinHealthSystems
Phase1 • CurrentStateAnalysis
Phase2 • ProtocolAlignment
Phase3 • ResourceMapping
Phase4 • ImplementationSupport
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WhatWillbeInvolved?
Prevention:
• PrescribingPractices
Response:
• Overdose/SubstanceUseDisorderResponse
Diversion:
• Preventionofdiversionbyhealthsystempractitionersandemployees
Systems:
• Hospitalleadership/in-housesystemstomakealloftheabovehappen
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YourThoughtsandQuestions?
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