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INTRODUCTIO

NCECIRLY G. PUIG

Assistant Professor

University of Southeastern Philippines Tagum!a"ini Campus

College of Agri#ulture an$ Relate$ S#ien#es

!a"ini% Com&al Provin#e

Email A$$ress' #e#irly(gon)ales*hotmail.#om

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NEMATODES

belong to the Animal Kingdom

Characterized as cylindrical orms

!ariable body sha"e# b$t commonly%li&orm 'threadli(e)

*ree( ord nema = thread

A+$atic animals, inhabit in oceansand seas 'marine)# &reshaterco$rses# body -$ids# beteen soil"articles and in "lants

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*ro$"s according

to &eeding habit.

1. Zooparasitic parasites of

animals including humans

2. Free-living

3. Plant parasitic orphytonematodes

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/OO0ARASITIC NEMAS

Vertebrate and invertebrate animals as host

stablish temporarily or permanently in thedigestive! circulatory and respiratorysystems

"i#e varies$ from tenths of a millimeter up to% meters

Placentonema gigantissimum &%m' parasite in the placenta of sperm (hales

Ascaris lumbricoides&1)-2) cm adult length'

human intestinal round (orm.

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1REE23I!IN* NEMAS

*argest and most heterogeneous&least studied'

"pecies are classi+ed according tofeeding preferences$4,lgivorous algal feeders

4acteriophagous bacterial feeders4ycophagous fungal feeders

4/ematophagous prey and feed on othernemas

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1REE23I!IN* NEMAS

0ave little direct eect on mans activities

ndirect signi+cant in4uence on soil processes$

4 5ecycling of carbon- and nitrogen-containingmaterials and compounds

4 "oil minerali#ation

6hus! nemas play an important role in soil

fertility and agricultural productivity.7seful organisms for biomonitoring studies ofa range of environmental perturbations andpollution.

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03ANT20ARASITIC NEMASthe 5$nseen enemy or hidden enemy6

o& "lants

Present in almost every type of habitat

*imiting factor$ moisture and food

,bility to e8ist under e8tremely dryconditions &deserts'

4Aphelenchoides besseyi survive in its

9resting stage in rice seeds4Ditylenchus dipsaci survive in plant parts

:ept in dry storage! i.e. leaf of garlic bulbs

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;btain their food (ithspears or stylets and causea variety of plant diseases(orld(ide.

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Fig. 1. &,' 6ypical plant parasitic nematode. &'

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6he annual (orld(ide losses caused by

nematodes on the life-sustaining crops!(hich include all grains and legumes!banana! cassava! coconut! potato! sugarbeet! sugarcane! s(eet potato! andyam! are estimated to be about 11>?

*osses for most other economicallyimportant crops &vegetables! fruits! andnonedible +eld crops' are about 1@>! for

a total of over A%= billion annually.

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7ISTORIcA3 S8NO0SIS

13= million < )eleidomermis libani earliestrecorded nematode? an insect parasite found fossili#edin a piece of amber

@B== < Ascarisspp. parasite of man and domesticanimals? mentioned in the documents in

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7ISTORIcA3 S8NO0SIS

1G)G! P. ;5**7" discovered the 11G)G! P. ;5**7" discovered the 1ststfree-free-living nematode &vinegar eel Hliving nematode &vinegar eel H +urbatri, aceti+urbatri, aceti''

1E1Eththcentury! .I. 5J*K discovered thecentury! .I. 5J*K discovered the

root :not nematode on cucumber rootsroot :not nematode on cucumber roots1%)) descriptions of nemas associated (ith1%)) descriptions of nemas associated (ithformation of plant root-:nots! root-galls! (ereformation of plant root-:nots! root-galls! (erepublishedpublished

1%)B Ditylenchus dipsaci parasite of

plant stems and bulbs (as described.1%%B the generic name Meloidogyne" (asproposed! to cause root-galls? 1E@E

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Nematological or( mo9edNematological or( mo9ed

&orard in :; &o$nded

the Nematology in America,the Nematology in America,

in9ented the Cobb6s slide >in9ented the Cobb6s slide >herein yo$ can 9ie theherein yo$ can 9ie the

nematode6s body in both thenematode6s body in both the

&ront and bac( sides o& the slide&ront and bac( sides o& the slide$nder the microsco"e$nder the microsco"e

Dr= *otthold Steiner > :Dr= *otthold Steiner > :stst

director o& Nematology 3ab=#director o& Nematology 3ab=#60lant 0rotection A r6l Res